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MARYLAND 

STORIES OF HER PEOPLE AND OF 
HER HISTORY 



Lf MAGRUDER PASSANO, A.B. 

Author of a History of Maryland for Schools 



The thought of our past years in me doth breed 
Perpetual benediction. 

— Wordsworth 



BALTIMORE 
WILLIAMS & WILKINS CO. 



Copyright, 1905, bt 
L. MAGRUDER PASSANO 






WILLIAMS A WILKINS CO. PRESS 
BALTIMORK 






The Author 

Affectionately dedicates this work 

To his little son, Macs, 

Whose interest in its production 

Has been unflagging, 

and 

To his little daughter, Betty, 

Who made him promise to give her 

"The very first one of the books'^ 

That lie received. 



PREFACE 

The author cannot enumerate all the various sources 
from which he has gathered the materials for the following 
stories from Maryland history, nor is it necessary to do 
so, since in most cases of direct quotation the authority 
is given. Most of the sources are well known, some of 
them less so, while in some cases information is derived 
from a course of miscellaneous reading that has no obvious 
connection with the History of Maryland. 

The author takes pleasure, however, in acknowledging 
his indebtedness to Dr. Philip R. Uhler, of the Peabody 
Institute, for criticism of the story dealing with the 
Indians, and to Mr. George W. McCreary, Assistant Secre- 
tary and Librarian of the Maryland Historical Society, 
for his kind assistance in securing many of the illustra- 
tions. The author has received much valuable criticism 
from Mrs. Laura Hollingshead, Miss Clara Tucker and 
other teachers in the public schools of the State, but 
especially, he wishes to express his thanks to Mr. Albert 
S. Cook, Secretary to the School Board of Baltimore 
County, for reading and criticising the work. 

The book is intended as a supplementary reader, and 
the author's first object has been to make the stories 
interesting to children. Fictitious persons and imaginary 



PREFACE 

scenes have been introduced, but, the author ventures to 
hope, without sacrifice of historical accuracy. He has 
aimed to present events in proper perspective and has 
striven to surround the descriptions of earher periods with 
the atmosphere of those times. 

The author has endeavored, also, to lay more stress 
on the quiet progress of peaceful times than on war by 
land and sea, while at the same time doing full justice 
to the latter. And in the personages mentioned, the 
object has been to be representative not exhaustive, so 
that many names of equal importance with those given 
are necessarily omitted. 

It will give the author great pleasure if he can know 
that he has instilled into the children of Maryland some 
of his own interest in the history of his native State, and 
some of his own feeling of loyalty to her. 



CONTENTS 

PAGE 

I. The Ark and the Dove 19 

II. The Indians . 29 

III. George and Cecihus Calvert 41 

IV. William Claiborne, Lord Baltimore's Enemy 52 

V. Thomas and Michael Cresap, the Pioneers 58 

VI , Indian Massacres 70 

VII. IMaster and Servant 80 

VIII. Germans and French 88 

IX. Two Early Accounts of the Province 97 

X. A Visit to Annapolis 108 

XI. The Burning of the Peggy Stewart 121 

XII. Patriot and Tory 129 

XIII. Soldiers of the Revolution 137 

XIV. Thirteen Distrustful States 152 

XV. Sailor Heroes of 1812 168 

XVI. The Star Spangled Banner 177 

XVII. Baltimore Town 190 

XVIII. North and South -. 204 

XIX. Poe and Booth 214 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE 

The Ark 21 

Landing of the First Settlers in Maryland 23 | 

Lower Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River 25 | 

Monument to Leonard Calvert 27 

Indian Squaw and Papoose ^^ 

Wampum Belt ^^ 

Barter with the Indians for Land in Southern Maryland, 1G34 34-35 

Group of Indian Implements ^^ 

Indian Writings "^^ 

George Calvert ^^ 

Cecilius Calvert "^^ j 

Edict of Toleration of 1649. Lord Baltimore Commending his 1 

People to Wisdom, Justice and Mercy 46-47 

Calvert Arms ^^ i 

Location of Kent and Watson Islands ^^ 

Great Seal of Maryland ^^ i 

Cresap's Home, 1730 ^9 i 

Fort Frederick ^^ I 

Log Cabin ^^ ] 

Interior of Log Cabin "^ j 

Cresap's Map ^^ \ 

The Narrows at Cumberland 6 ' j 

Cresap's Tomb Stone 69 1 

Governor Horatio Sharpe • • ' ^ \ 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE 

General Braddock 72 

George Washington, Colonel Virginia Militia 73 

Fort Cumberland 74 

Plan of Fort Cumberland in 1755 75 

Blockhouse 76 

An Attack by the Indians 77 

Indian Boy Learning to Shoot 78 

Warwick Fort Manor, Dorchester County 81 

Kent Fort Manor 83 

Doughoregan Manor, Howard County 85 

Augustine Hennan 89 

Herman's Map of Maryland 90 

John Thomas Schley 91 

Winfield Scott Schley 92 

Bird's Eye View of Hagerstown 93 

Conestoga Wagon 94 

George Alsop 98 

Facsimile of Title Page of Original Edition of Alsop 's Book 99 

Alsop's Map of Maryland, 1666 101 

Facsimile of Title Page of Original " Sot- weed Factor" 103 

Bird's Eye View of Annapolis 109 

Proprietary Coins 110 

Tobacco Hogshead, Ready for Rolling Ill 

Colonial Chair and Low Boy 112 

A School-boy's Trunk 114 

Boy in Colonial Clothing 116 

Maryland Gazette of July 2, 1752, Showing First Theatre Play-bill ... 117 

The Chase Home, Annapolis 118 

Wife and Daughters of Judge Samuel Chase 119 

British Tax Stamp 122 

The Stewart House at Annapolis 123 

The Burning of the Peggy Stewart 124-125 

Charles Alexander Warfield 127 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE 

Daniel Dulany 130 

Maryland Gazette— Containing Discussion Between Charles Carroll and 

Daniel Dulany 131 

Samuel Chase 132 

William Paca 133 

Thomas Stone 134 

Charles Carroll of Carrollton 135 

William Smallwood 138 

Operations in the Vicinity of New York City 139 

Mordecai Gist 140 

Monument to Maryland's Four Hundred, Prospect Park, Brooklyn. . . 141 

Otho H. Williams 142 

Operations in the Carolinas 143 

De Kalb Monument, State House Grounds, at Annapolis 144 

John Eager Howard 146 

Statue of John Eager Howard, Washington Place, Baltimore 148 

The Maryland Revolutionary Monument, Mt. Royal Plaza, Baltimore. 150 

Stage Coach 153 

Tench Tilghman 154 

Fairview Inn 155 

Washington Resigning His Commission 156-157 

Thomas Johnson and His Family 158 

State House at Annapolis 159 

Roger Brooke Taney 161 

Five Mile Stone, Mason and Dixon's Line 162 

The Western Land Claims of the Several States 163 

Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer 164 

James McHenry 165 

Daniel Carroll 166 

Stephen Decatur 169 

The Flagship President 170 

John Rodgers 171 

Course of Commodore Rodgers' Squadron 172 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE 

Lake Erie and Niagara River, showing Fort Erie, Buffalo, etc 173 

Nathan Towson 174 

Jesse Duncan Elliott 175 

Joshua Barney 1 78 

Battle Between the Schooner Rossie and Ship Princess Amelia on 

16th of September 1812 179 

Samuel Smith 181 

John Strieker 182 

Troops Assembling for Defense of Baltimore, Scpteml^er 13, 1814 183 

Bombardment of Fort McHenry 184 

John Adams Webster 185 

Battle Monument, Baltimore 186 

Francis Scott Key 187 

Laying Out of Baltimore Town 191 

Baltimore in 1752 192 

Lafayette 193 

Baltimore in 1831 191 

John Pendleton Kennedy 195 

Old City HaU, Baltimore 196 

Luther Martin 19.7 

William Pinkney 198 

James Calhoun, First Mayor of Baltimore 199 

A Baltimore Clipper. 200 

Market Street 201 

Washington Monument in 1835 202 

Taney Statue, Mount Vernon Place, Baltimore 203 

John R. Kenly 206 

Bradley T. Johnson 207 

A Piece of Confederate Paper Money 208 

Dunker Church Near Antietam 209 

Harry Gilmor 211 

Elizabeth Arnold 215 

Facsimile of MSS. of "The Bells" 217 



ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS 

PAGE 

Edgar Allan Poe 219 

Poe's Cottage at Fordham 220 

The Poe Monument, Baltimore 221 

Edwin Booth's Birthplace, as it now stands, near Churchville, Harford 

County 223 

Boston Museum Where Booth Made His First Appearance on the 

Stage 225 

Edwin Booth 226 

Booth as Hamlet 227 

First Locomotive, Baltimore & Ohio llailroad 228 



DESCRIPTION OF MURAL DECORATIONS IN 
BALTIMORE COURT HOUSE 

Washington Laying His Commission as Commander-in-Chief at the 
Feet of Columbia. 

In the central panel Columbia is enthroned. Washington lays his com- 
mission at her feet, behind him Prosperity and Commerce appear as the 
result of the freedom which he has won for the country. Opposite him 
stands the Commonwealth of Maryland in the gold and black which are 
the State colors. Behind her are a figure of War sheathing her sword and 
a figure breaking a rod and typifying Resistance to Oppression. 

In the panels to left and right are officers of the Continental Army, an 
officer of the allied French Army, magistrates, ladies, children, and troops 
presenting arms (in the uniforms of Washington's body guards and a troop 
especially uniformed by Lafayette). 

The Edict of Toleration of Lord Baltimore. 

In the center Lord Baltimore in full armor (save as to the helmet) 
recommends his people to Wisdom, Justice and Mercy. Behind him a 
Protestant Pastor and a Catholic Priest together hold the Charter of 
Pveligious Freedom. Indians and negroes crouch at his side. In front of 
Lord Baltimore a naked winged genius holds the scales level for Equihj and 
points upward at the shield of the Lord Baltimore. At the right hand 
corner of the centre panel a boy holds a shield inscril^ed with th^ date of 
the Edict 1649. In the side panels are figures of colonists looking on. 



DESCRIPTION OF MURAL DECORATIONS 

"BURXIXG OF THE PeGGY StEWART." 

In the centre panel is Charles Carroll of Carrollton as the leader of the 
''Committee of Safety"; opposite him Dr. Warfield, the leader of the then 
called mob, with his followers behind him. Both groups are extended 
into the picture, terminating at the right in a group of ladies and gentle- 
men, standing on the green near the Stewart mansion watching the con- 
flagration, and, at the extreme left hand, with another group of citizens, 
Anthony Stewart, one of the principal actors in this drama, may be seen 
in shirt sleeves, having performed his part in firing his own vessel. 

The point of view is from a spot aljout where the present boathouse 
stands in the Annapolis Academy grounds, looking nearly east over the 
Chesapeake, called Windmill Point. 

Barter with the Indians for Land in Southern ^Maryland, 1634. 

The decorative composition represents a conference with the Indians, 
having for its object the barter of agricultural implements and cloth for a 
tract of land. The central group consists of Governor Calvert and his 
companions conversing Avith Indian chiefs; extending into the other 
panels are more Indians and English. 

The extreme left-hand panel is intended to suggest the domestic side 
of Indian life. A squaw tries a new hoe and a brave curiously admires 
an axe recently used by the boy in chopping wood, while an old man in a 
blanket looks on. In the background is shown the end of their long house, 
the landscape stretching away in the distance; trees, bare of foliage, are 
traced against the sky. To the right, behind Calvert, are the English 
Pilgrims. 

The right-hand panel, containing a view of the riA'er and distant shore, 
with the ships, riding at anchor, shows in the immediate foreground a 
family group occupied with the view. 

The groups of Indians and English are gathered near a grove of trees 
w^hich forms the background, the shore and river extending across the 
right-hand part of the composition. 



IN BALTIMORE COURT HOUSE 

It is intended to emphasize the fact that the land was purchased, not 
taken by conquest, from the Indians. 

The Indians in the first panel are interested in the implements 
exchanged, introducing such matter as might seem natural and at the same 
time meet the requirements of the decoration. 

The center panel deals with the meeting and conference, or barter; 
Leonard Calvert is facing the Indian chiefs with some of his followers. 
The one with his hat removed is intended for Captain Fleete, acting as 
interpreter. Some of the Indians are examining a piece of red cloth. 

In the third panel is suggested the interest the family had in the place 
where they are to settle— by the banks of the river. 

The paintings are not intended to represent a particular incident, 
occurring at a special moment but are meant to convey the thought and 
action which pertained to the purchase of the land. 

Hence the title: Barter with the Indians for Land in Southern Mary- 
land. 1634. 




MARYLAND 

I 

THE ARK AND THE DOVE 

NEARLY three hundred years ago, towards the end 
of the month of November, two little vessels lay 
at Cowes in the Isle of Wight. They were the 
Ark and the Dove. On board of them were about three 
hundred persons leaving their homes in England to make 
for themselves other homes in the new world of America. 

Do you know what that meant, to make new homes in 
America? In the first place it meant that many of them 
must sell their houses and lands in England. They 
needed the money to buy guns, swords, knives, axes, 
hoes, saws, nails— think of all they had to take with 
them! They were going to a land where they could not 
buy such things. If they forgot to take anything, they 
would have to make it for themselves, or else have it 
brought from England. So they tried to think of every- 
thing they would need and to take it with them. 

Going to the New World meant also that they were 
leaving behind their friends and relations. Perhaps they 
would never see each other again. America was a long 
way off, and was full of wild beasts and savage men. 

19 



MARYLAND 

Brave hearts were needed to leave ''merry England" for 
this wild and unknown land. 

But some of them were glad to leave. They were 
Catholics who wanted to worship God in their own way. 
This it was hard for them to do in England. They were 
treated harshly there, but it was promised them that 
where they were going all should be treated with kind- 
ness alike. 

Let us make believe that on board of the Ark were a 
little boy and his sister. We do not really know that 
there were any children on board, but we will pretend that 
there were these two. And we will make believe that 
the boy's name was Richard Cornwaleys and his sister's 
name Elizabeth. 

Early in the spring their father had sold his farm and 
they had journeyed to London to meet the rest of the 
company bound for America. Their father and mother 
made this journey on horseback, but Dick and Betty 
traveled in a great heavy cart drawn by four horses. 

When they came to the steep hills the children would 
get out and walk. When it rained the carter would sit 
under the hood with them and tell them about the robbers 
and wolves that sometimes attacked him. 

Li the cart were packed their clothing and the few 
things they were bringing from their old home. They 
were bringing very little with them. There would be 
more than three hundred persons in the two small ships. 
Most of the room on board would be needed for the food 

20 




o s 

I ^ 

o ~ 

§ "^ 



(A -» 
H 8 



MARYLAND 

and water for the voyage, and for the tools and imple- 
ments they had to carry. 

Dick and Betty thought the time for sailing would 
never come. They did get as far as the Isle of Wight, 
but delays arose and it was not until the twenty-second 
of November that they finally sailed. When they had 
been out but two days a terrible storm arose from the 
north. The winds increased and the sea grew more wild. 
Those on board the Ark, the larger vessel, saw in 
the distance the little Dove showing two lights at her 
masthead as a signal of distress. But they could give 
her no aid, they could hardly save themselves, and ''in a 
moment she had passed out of sight, and no news of her 
reached us for six weeks afterwards." 

The Dove returned to England, to the Scilly Isles. 
From there she made a fresh start and overtook the Ark 
at one of the islands of the West Indies. 

Storm after storm beat upon the larger vessel. Once 
those on board lost control of the rudder and the ship 
''drifted about like a dish in the water." But at length 
the storms ceased and for three months they sailed along 
under blue skies and in the bright sunshine. 

Dick and Betty had been shut up in the cabin of the Ark 
during the storm but now they could come out upon the 
deck. The breeze blew the ship steadily along. Every 
day they were drawing nearer to a new world full of 
wonders. Neither of them had ever before been on the 
ocean and it was wonderful in itself. 

22 



MARYLAND 

One day Betty had been looking out over the sea when 
all at once she called to her brother to come quickly. 
Such a lot of beautiful birds were flying just above the 
water. But when they came close they were not birds 
after all, but flying fish. How wonderful that was! 
Fish that had wings and even flew over the ship. Some 
of them fell on the deck and the two little children were 
almost afraid to pick them up. 

They made a stop at the Fortunate Isles, now called 
the Canaries, and then sailed westward again, and reached 
Barbadoes on the third of January. They set sail again 
after a rest of three weeks, and the next day, at Matalina, 
were met by some savage Indians. Two canoes full of 
naked men paddled out from shore but would not come 
near. They were afraid of the ship which seemed so huge 
to them. They were not so much afraid of the Dove 
because she w^as smaller. Father Andrew White, who 
was one of the company on the Ark and who wrote an 
account of the voyage, says of these Indians that '^they 
were a savage race, fat, shining with red paint, who knew 
no god and devoured the flesh of human beings." 

Betty and Dick could only stare. They had heard of 
Indians but now they really saw them. These men were 
brown, too, and the children had never seen any but 
white men. They wore no clothes and their faces, 
smeared with red paint, looked very fierce and cruel. 
And how strange their talk sounded. The children, 
while in London, had listened to Spaniards and French- 

24 



THE ARK AND THE DOVE 



men, but the words of the Indians sounded as wild as 

their faces looked. 

Sailing again they came to Virginia. Here there were 

English settlements made some years before. For a few 

days the Ark and the Dove rested at Point Comfort. 

Then they went northward to their final destination in 

Maryland. 

As the two little ships made their way up the Potomac 

River in the early spring- 
time, how the hearts of 

the company must have 

rejoiced at the fertile 

beauty of their new 

home, coming to them 

after their long voyage 

across the Atlantic. The 
beautiful river itself de- 
lighted them. Father 
White says, ''Never 
have 1 beheld a larger 
or more beautiful river. 
.... It is not disfig- 
ured with any swamps, 
but has firm land on each side. Fine groves of trees 
appear, not choked with briers or bushes and under- 
growth, but growing at intervals as if planted by the 
hand of man, so that you can drive a four-horse carriage 
wherever you choose through the midst of the trees." 

25 




LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY AND 
POTOMAC RIVER 



MARYLAND 

At the mouth of the river they saw armed Indians 
and, during the night, signal fires blazed through the 
country. Indian messengers ran to all parts to say " that 
a canoe like an island had come, with as many men as 
there were trees in the woods." 

The two children watched these blazing fires and won- 
dered if the Indians were cooking and eating each other. 
They were glad that they were safe aboard the ship and 
not on the shore. They did not know that these Indians 
were peaceful and quiet and would soon be their friends. 

The settlers landed on March 25, 1634, at a little island 
which they named St. Clement's. It is now called 
Blackiston's Island. Falling on their knees they joined 
in thanksgiving and praise to God for the safe ending of 
their voyage, and then planted in the earth a great cross 
which they had hewn out of a tree. 

If you will turn to page 23 you will see a picture of this 
planting of the cross. And in the lower right hand corner 
you will see Dick holding a great dog, which came from 
England with him. The Indian woman sitting on the 
end of her canoe is smiling at Dick, and would no more 
think of eating him than he would think of eating her. 

Here there befell what might have been a serious acci- 
dent. The ^' women who had left the ship to do the 
washing upset the boat and came near being drowned." 

This island they found too small for a permanent settle- 
ment so they sailed up the St. Mary's River, on whose 
banks the Indians had a settlement. This they l^ought, 

26 



THE ARK AND THE DOVE 

paying for it axes, hatchets, hoes, knives and cloth. 
This was fair payment, for the Indians simply had to 
journey a few miles away to get all the land they wanted, 
while the steel axes and knives they received were so 
much better than the ones they made for themselves out 
of stone that the Indian 
who received one con- 
sidered himself very rich 
indeed. 

Leonard Calvert, who 
was the leader of this 
band of colonists, al- 
ways treated the In- 
dians kindly and justly. 
He paid them for the 
land he took and for the 
food which they brought 
him. Nor would he al- 
low the natives to be ill- 
treated by the settlers. 

Because of this these 
Indians were always 
friendly, and in Mary- 
land there were no 
bloody wars between 
the natives and the 

white men, such as were fought in some of the other 
colonies. 




MONUMENT TO LEONARD CALVERT 

SITE OF ST. Mary's 



MARYLAND 

The Indian women came to the houses of the colonists 
and taught the English women how to cook hominy and 
to make corn pone. You must remember that Dick and 
Betty had never tasted corn bread before. At first they 
were not sure they liked it, but two or three mouthfuls 
taught them how good it was. 

Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, it was who had sent 
this company of settlers to the New World. We shall 
learn something more about him in another story. The 
King of England had given him the country, which he 
named Maryland after the Queen, for his own, to settle 
and to rule over, and if you would see how he succeeded 
you need only look around you. 

The State of Maryland with its fisheries, its farms, its 
mines and railroads and ships, with its thriving towns 
and beautiful cities, and with its more than a million 
inhabitants, has all grown from that first little settlement 
made nearly three hundred years ago. 




28 



II 

THE INDIANS 

IF a canoe full of Indians had paddled across theAtlan- 
tic Ocean three hundred years ago they would have 
found different peoples on the various parts of the 
coast of Europe. To the north they would have found 
Dutchmen. To the south of these were the French. 
And still farther south w^ere the Spaniards. 

Just so the settlers who sailed then to the eastern coast 
of North America found three great stocks or families of 
Indians there. They were called the Algonquins, the 
Muscogees and the Iroquois. Each of these families was 
divided up into tribes having many different names. 
The tribes were divided into clans. 

The clans were often named after some animal. There 
was the Wolf clan, the Turtle clan, and the clan of the 
Eagle. The picture of this animal was called a ''totem," 
and was a sort of coat-of-arms of the clan. The Indians 
of a clan thought that they were all descended from their 
particular animal. , They believed that, ages before, a 
turtle or an eagle had been the animal from which that 
clan had sprung. 

In Maryland most of the Indians belonged to the Algon- 
quin stock. These were the ones whom the settlers first 

29 



MARYLAND 

met. There was also a tribe called the Susquehannoughs 
which belonged to the Iroquois family. We shall tell 
about them after a while, and will first speak of the others. 

The Indians around St. Mary's belonged to the Pisca- 
taway tribe. There was a powerful chief at their head, 
and Governor Calvert thought he would try to win this 
chief's friendship. So he sailed up the Potomac River in 
the Dove and another small pinnace to pay the chief a 
visit. The Indians along the shore were afraid of the 
ships, and fled away from the river. Their own canoes 
they hollowed out of the trunk of a single tree. And they 
thought these great '^canoes" were made in the same 
way. Where could such huge trees grow, they wondered. 
And they thought the people who cut down such trees 
and made canoes of them could not be mere men like 
themselves. 

At length Governor Calvert reached a village governed 
by Archihu, an uncle of the King. The King himself was 
only a youth and was still too young to govern the tribe. 
Here the Englishmen landed, and Father Altham, who 
was with them, went ashore and preached to the Indians. 
He told them that the Englishmen had come, not to make 
war, but to teach them and to live with them like brothers. 
At this the Indians were glad, and Archihu said, ''It is 
good. We will use one table. My people shall hunt for my 
brother, and all things shall be in common between us." 

Of course the Englishmen and the Indians could not 
understand each other's talk. But there happened to be 

30 



THE INDIANS 



in the village a certain Captain Henry Fleete, an English- 
man, who understood the Indian language. He acted 
as Governor Calvert's interpreter. 

Leaving this village Governor Calvert went on up the 
river to Piscataway. Here he found five hundred armed 
Indians who would not let 
him land. But he made 
signs of peace to them, and at 
length the chief himself came 
on board the pinnace. 

In the course of a few 
years many of the Indians 
became Christians. Several 
chiefs, with their wives and 
daughters, were baptized. 
One chief sent his little 
seven-year-old daughter, 
whom he dearly loved, to 
live with the English, and 
after she had been taught, 
to be baptized. 

What kind of people were 
these Indians, and how did they live? You must not 
think that they were always fighting and roaming about. 
No indeed, they lived in villages along the water-side 
almost as quietly and peacefully as you and I do, except 
when the Susquehannoughs attacked them. 

They caught fish in the bays and streams, and had 

31 




INDIAN SQUAW AND PAPOOSE 



MARYLAND 

fields in which they grew corn, beans and tobacco. We 
can hardly call them farmers. They did not have ploughs 
and harrow^s drawn by horses or oxen. Indeed, there 
were no horses or cattle in America until the Europeans 
brought them. Columbus himself brought some cows over. 
The Indians dug up the earth with rude hoes made of 
stone or hard wood. They could only cultivate small 
fields where the ground was rich and not very hard to dig. 
But, of course, they soon bought iron hoes from the Eng- 
lishmen. 




V.AMPUM BELT 



Remember that until the English settlers came these 
Indians had no metals. Think of all the things that we 
have made of iron — axes, hatchets, knives, nails, hoes — 
the list would be almost long enough to fill a book. And 
remember that most of these the Indians did not have at 
all. And those they did have, such as axes, hatchets, 
arrow-heads and such things, were made of hard and 
sharpened stones. Their fish-hooks were made of bone. 

The Indians had no kettles to boil their vegetables and 
meats in. They had no frying-pans. But you will ask, 
how did they cook their food? Let us see. Tah-gah- 

32 



THE INDIANS 

jute goes into the forest and shoots a fine wild turkey with 
his stone-tipped arrows. He does not have to go far to 
find one as they are very plentiful. His wife dresses it, 
spits it on a hard stick, and roasts it over a fire of twigs 
on the ground. 

Another day he catches a fine fish. His wife has kept 
a good fire going, and has heated some stones very hot. 
Then she wraps the fish in leaves, places it on the stones, 
and covers it over with hot ashes. If she wishes to boil 
something she carefully drops the hot stones into a clay 
pot full of water. Do you wonder that Tah-gah-jute and 
his friends were willing to sell their houses and fields, 
their furs and skins to the Englishmen for steel axes and 
knives, and iron kettles? 

The houses in which the Indians lived, and w^hich 
Governor Calvert had bought with the land, w^ere oblong 
huts but little higher than a man. The only opening, 
besides the door, was a hole in the roof through which the 
smoke of the fire passed out. At night the Indians slept 
on the floor around the fire. The chiefs' houses were 
larger and more comfortable, and contained beds made of 
skins stretched on sticks. 

At places along Chesapeake Bay are found ^'kitchen- 
middens," which are a sign that many years ago there was 
an Indian village nearby. All the inhabitants of a village, 
after eating their oysters, would throw the shells into the 
same heap. Year after year the heap grew larger, and in 
time became covered with earth. Seeds fell into the soil 

33 



MARYLAND 

until at length the mound was covered with grass and 
shrubs and trees. These overgrown hillocks of oyster 
shells are what are called ^^kitchen-middens." 




BARTER WITH THE INDIANS Ff 
From the mural painting by C. 

For clothing the Indians wore the skins of deer and other 
animals fastened around their shoulders, and aprons 
about their waists. Their ornaments were strings of 
beads and feathers. In later years they used a kind of 

34 



THE INDIANS 

money, called ''peak" or ''wampum," made of clam or 
mussel shells. Small cylindrical beads were cut from the 
shells and strung on cords or made into flat belts. This 




i SOUTHERN MARYLAND, 1634 
the Court House at Baltimore 



Copyright 1905, ly Edward B. Fu6tu..o 



money was paid out hij the yard. It was of two colors, 
purple and white, the purple being worth twice as much 
as the other. 

These Indians were noble and kind. They v^re firm 

35 



MARYLAND 

and generous friends to the whites. But they themselves 
had enemies, the fierce Susquehannoughs, who lived to 
the north of them, along the Susquehanna River. 

The Susquehannoughs were hunting Indians, wild, 
fierce and warlike. They roamed about through the 
forests in search of the deer, bears, turkeys and other 
game on which they lived. They were noble looking men. 
One of the early settlers says they were seven feet tall and 
large in proportion. He says their voices were '^ large 
and hollow, as ascending out of a cave." 

He says, too, that they ate the prisoners they took in 
war. This is very likely true. Many tribes of Indians 
did so. An Indian thought that if he ate his enemy all 
that enemy's bravery and strength passed into himself. 

These Susquehannoughs, as we have said, were a branch 
of the Iroquois stock, but they had separated from it and 
had become the bitter enemies of the rest of that family. 
They were very warlike and had overcome the more peace- 
ful tribes around them. They were fierce and cruel. 
They scalped their prisoners, and tortured them with 
knives and tomahawks and fire. The men did nothing 
but hunt in the season and fight. The women did all the 
work. They would bring the skins and furs of the animals 
they killed to the English settlements to trade them for 
blankets, beads, knives and other things. 

Year after year the peaceful tribes in southern Maryland 
were attacked by the Susquehannoughs. The English 
settlers did what they could to protect their quiet neigh- 

36 




-a 

I 

CO e 



o .S 



MARYLAND 



bors. Treaties of peace were made with them, and their 
wives and children were allowed to come to the settle- 
ments of the whites for safety when their enemies 

were on the warpath. But 
in spite of all they gradually 
died out. Many were killed, 
some wandered away into the 
wilderness. 

At one time some of them 
came to make a new treaty 
of peace for their tribe. 
They said they were sorry, 
but so few of them were left 
that they could not even 
bring a suitable gift to the 
governor, and that all they 
wanted was to live in peace 
and to have the protection of 
the English. The governor 
treated them kindly, told them 
to have no fear and promised 
to protect them as long as 
any of them were left. Thus 
these peaceful Indians gradu- 
ally disappeared. 
The Susquehannoughs did not come to so peaceful an 
end. They fought with the peaceful Indians south of 
them, and sometimes even with the English. But their 

38 




INDIAN WRITINGS 



THE INDIANS 

hardest fighting was against their own relations. For 
ten years they fought the Senecas and the Cayugas, two 
tribes of the Iroquois stock. 

At length a dreadful plague of smallpox broke out 
among the Susquehannoughs. Hundreds of their war- 
riors were killed by it. They were so weakened that the 
Senecas routed them and drove them into Virginia. 

The Senecas pursued them, and while on the war-path 
damaged the plantations of the whites and murdered 
several settlers. The English laid the blame for this on 
the Susquehannoughs, followed them, and surrounded 
them in an old fort where they had taken refuge. The 
Indians declared they were innocent, and showed the 
English leaders a silver medal and papers given them by 
Governor Calvert as a safe-conduct. In spite of this some 
of their chiefs were killed. The remainder, after holding 
the fort until their food was all gone, escaped during the 
night. 

In their flight they murdered many settlers. The 
Virginians pursued them and almost destroyed the tribe. 
The few that were left returned to their old home on the 
Susquehanna River and submitted to their Indian 
enemies. About a hundred years later the very last of 
them were massacred by the whites in Lancaster County, 
Pennsylvania. 

On the Eastern Shore the chief tribe was that of the 
Nanticokes. They were not very friendly to the whites, 
but were not so unfriendly as the Susquehannoughs. 

39 



MARYLAND 

They gave the early settlers but little trouble as they were 
separated from them by Chesapeake Bay. By the time 
that settlements were made on the Eastern Shore the 
colony was so strong as not greatly to fear the Indians any 
longer. About one hundred years after the first settle- 
ment, many of the Nanticokes left Maryland. Some went 
to Pennsylvania, some to New York, and some even as far 
as Canada. 







40 



Ill 

GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 

GEORGE CALVERT and Cecilius Calvert should be 
remembered and honored by every loyal boy and 
girl of Maryland. We should remember them 
because they founded our State. We should honor them 
for the noble purpose with which they founded it. We shall 
see presently what that noble purpose was. But first let 
us learn something of the lives of these two great men. 

The Calvert family, as we know it, began with Leonard 
Calvert, the father of George. He was a country gen- 
tleman who lived in the time of Queen Elizabeth of Eng- 
land, and who married Alicia Crossland, who was George 
Calvert's mother. 

On his father's estate of Kiplin, in Yorkshire, George 
was born in 1579. He went to college at Oxford, and to 
finish his education traveled in Europe. When he was 
only twenty-six years old Oxford gave him the degree of 
Master of Arts. This took place in the presence of the 
King and many great nobles who were visiting Oxford. 

Receiving this degree was a great honor to him, and 
showed that he had already begun to distinguish himself. 
Even now men who win renown by their learning, or by 
great deeds and noble lives, are honored in the same way. 

41 



MARYLAND 

A few years before, George Calvert had met Sir Robert 
Cecil, who became his firm friend and patron, and who 
made him his private secretary. Besides this he was 
elected to Parliament, and was appointed to an impor- 
tant office in Ireland by 
the King. 

King James soon be- 
came as much Calvert's 
friend as Sir Robert Cecil, 
and sent him on impor- 
tant missions to Ireland 
and the Continent. In 
1617 Calvert was knighted 
and two years later was 
made Principal Secretary 
of State by the King. 
This was a very high 
office, like that of a prime 
minister. He at length 
became so trusted by King 
James that, so the French 
ambassador says, ''the 
control of all public 
affairs really rested in the 
Duke of Buckingham and Calvert." This ambassador 
describes George Calvert as ''an honorable, sensible, 
well-minded man, courteous toward strangers, . 
zealously intent upon the welfare of England." 




GEORGE CALVERT 

From a pastel portrait in the possession of 
the Maryland Historical Society 



42 



GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 

At that time both France and Spain wanted the friend- 
ship of England. The King favored Spain, but the 
EngHsh people and Parliament favored France. Calvert, 
partly out of friendship for the King and partly because he 
thought it best for England, favored the Spanish alliance. 
This made Calvert somewhat unpopular, but he was a 
man of such integrity of character that even those who 
took the other side admired and respected him. 

King James rewarded the services of his faithful friend 
by giving him a manor of 2300 acres in County Long- 
ford, Ireland. This manor of Baltimore gave Calvert 
his title of Baron of Baltimore. Just before he received 
his title Calvert confessed to the King that he had been 
converted to the Catholic Church. He resigned his public 
offices but did not lose the friendship of the King, who 
kept him a member of his Privy Council. When King 
James died a few weeks afterwards Lord Baltimore 
retired altogether from public life, although the new king, 
Charles L, wanted him to remain a member of the Council. 
For fifteen or tw^enty years before, George Calvert had 
taken great interest in the settlement of America. And now 
that his public duties were ended, he gave his time and 
thoughts to plans for founding a colony in the New 
World. He had already received a grant of a part of 
Newfoundland, which he called Avalon, but had not been 
able to give much thought to his colony there. Now, 
however, he determined to go out himself to put the settle- 
ment in order and to try to make it prosper. 

43 



MARYLAND 

When he arrived at Avalon he found the land hilly, 
rugged and barren. But he was not discouraged. He 
returned to England for the winter, and in the following 
summer sailed again to Avalon with his wife — his first 
wife had died — all his famil}^, except his eldest son 
Cecilius, and about forty colonists. 

Trouble met him almost as soon as he arrived. He 
was attacked by three French cruisers. These he drove 
off with two ships, the same Ark and Dove in which the 
settlers of Maryland afterwards sailed. But a worse 
enemy than the French appeared. This was the long, 
cold, stormy, northern winter. Sickness and starvation 
fell upon the little settlement, and at last Lord Baltimore 
sailed away, leaving behind only a few fishermen. 

He went first to Jamestown in Virginia, where he was 
not kindly received, and from there back to England. 
He did not give up his idea of founding a colony in the 
New World, although King Charles wished him to remain 
in England. He succeeded in getting the King to grant 
him a tract of land lying north of Virginia and along 
Chesapeake Bay, but before he could receive the grant he 
died, on April 15, 1632. 

He was succeeded in his title by his eldest son, Cecilius, 
wdio was named after Sir Robert Cecil. He had nine 
other children, of whom Leonard and George took part 
in the founding of Maryland. Leonard Calvert was the 
leader of the first expedition, which sailed in the Ark 
and the Dove, and was the governor of the colony for 

44 



GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 



more than ten years. Both he and his brother George 
died in America. 

CeciHus Calvert went on with his father's work of found- 
ing a colony, and soon received the charter of Maryland. 
The colony was called a palatinate, and Cecilius Calvert 
the Lord Palatine. He had powers which made him 
almost a king. He wished 
to go to the New World 
himself, but his colony 
had so many enemies in 
England that he had to 
remain at home. 

There were two chief 
reasons for this enmity to 
Lord Baltimore's colony. 
The first of these reasons 
we shall learn about in the 
next story. The second 
reason for the opposition 
to the colony was that 
Lord Baltimore was a 
Catholic. 

In those days Catholics and Protestants did not live 
peaceably together as they do now, but hated and tried 
to harm each other. The first Lord Baltimore, and his 
son Cecilius also, saw how wrong this was. They wanted 
to make Maryland a land where all men might live in 
happy peace and quiet, no matter what their religion 




CECILIUS CALVERT 

From a print in the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



45 



MARYLAND 




EDICT OF TOLERATION OF 1649. LORD BALTIMORE 

From the mural painting by Edv 

might be. This is the noble purpose of which we have 
spoken, and for which George and Cecilius Calvert 
deserve so much honor. 

Lord Baltimore's enemies, knowing that he was a 

46 



GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 




\G HIS PEOPLE TO WISDOM, 

dd, in the Court House at Baltimore 



JUSTICE AND MERCY 



Catholic, pretended that he was founding a colony for 
those of his own church and where others would be perse- 
cuted. This was not true, for Cecilius Calvert wanted 
his colony to be free to all religions alike. Not many 

47 



MARYLAND 

years after the first settlement was made, was passed his 
famous Toleration Act, which made it the law that no 
one should be troubled or molested because of his religious 
belief. 

Cecilius Calvert was a son worthy of his father. He 
lived at a time when England was troubled by religious 
persecutions and by civil war, but he took no active part 
in either. He gave his attention to his own private 
affairs, and watched over the welfare of his colony. 
George Calvert spent most of his life in working for his 
country and his sovereign, and had but little time to give 
to his colony in America. But his was the idea of found- 
ing the colony. Cecilius Calvert it was who carried out 
that idea earnestly and faithfully. 

As far as his enemies would let him Cecilius Calvert 
lived at peace. He had trials and troubles and dangers 
to pass through, and his enemies gave him much anxiety 
about his colony in the New World. But he was patient 
and prudent, and by not taking sides too warmly he kept 
safe his own rights and those of the colonists over whom 
he watched. While he was Proprietor, the one settlement 
of about three hundred persons had grown to many 
settlements having nearly twenty thousand inhabitants. 
The colony not only grew and prospered, but also set an 
example to the whole world of Protestants and Catholics 
living peacefully together. Cecilius Calvert was born in 
1606 and died in 1675. 

Many letters were written by the early Governors of 

48 



GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 



Maryland and Cecilius Calvert to each other. For a long 
time nothing was known of these letters. But a few years 
ago they were discovered, packed away in an old chest, 
in the house of an English gentleman. For more than 
two hundred years they 
had lain there forgotten. 
They were purchased 
and brought to Amer- 
ica, and now, in the 
rooms of the Maryland 
Historical Society at 
Baltimore, we can see 
the very letters written 
by the founder of our 
State. 

Let us read some of 
these letters together. 
We learn that Lord 
Baltimore wanted some 
Indian mats to carpet 
a room, and that Gov- 
ernor Leonard Calvert 
had trouble in getting 

them. But he says, in a letter written in 1638, ''I am 
sure my Brother Porttobacco, now Emperor of Paskat- 
taway, will assist me in it as much as he can for he is 
much your friend and servant." In the same letter he 
says he had had a ''red bird" and a 'Mion" for Lord 




THE CALVERT ARMS 

From a cast in the possession uf the Ma'i'y- 
land Historical Society 



49 



MARYLAND 

Baltimore, but that a servant had let the bird out of its 
cage and the lion had died. 

Of course these letters, for the most part, tell about the 
government of the colony, about public affairs. In them 
we read of the troubles on Kent Island and of William 
Claiborne. We shall speak of these things in the story 
after this. But the letters tell us also of private matters, 
and some of them speak of gifts that were exchanged 
between England and America. 

In 1664, in a letter to his father Lord Baltimore, 
Governor Charles Calvert says, '^ My Cozen William's 
sister arrived here and is now att my house, and has the 
care of my household affaires. . . . There came with 
her two maids [and] ... I received likewise a light 
summer druggat suit, a pewter still, 2 Copper stew panns 
and in them 20 lb. of yellow wax." 

Messages passed between '^ little Cis," son of Governor 
Charles Calvert, and his grandfather in England. In 
one of his father's letters ^4ittle Cis" thanks his grand- 
father for a present of a cap, feather, sword and belt. 
Some years later Governor Calvert thanks his father for 
'' my mother's picture which will be a great Ornament to 
my Parlor." 

At a time when Charles Calvert's children were in 
England his letters speak often of them and of his anxiety 
for their welfare. The colonists were anxious at times 
about other things in England besides their children. 
In a letter to his brother-in-law Governor Calvert says, 

50 



GEORGE AND CECILIUS CALVERT 

''My wife your Sister earnestly entreats you that great 
Care may be taken of a great trunck which stands in her 
Chamber betwixt the bedd and the Chimney there being 
in it severall bottles of Cordiall AVaters and Likewise some 
fient glasses." 

These letters help us to remember that the early settlers 
were men and women and children like ourselves. They 
were real live people. The men and boys worked in the 
fields planting and harvesting corn. In the forests they 
cut wood for their fires and shot game for their food. 
The women cooked and sewed and milked the cows that 
the boys drove in from the pasture. 

As the years passed by not only did new settlers come 
from England, but little children, who never had seen 
England, were born in the colony. They grew up to be 
men and women, married, and had children of their own. 
The little make-believe Dick and Betty of our first story 
would have been more than fifty years old at the time 
when Cecilius Calvert died. 




51 



IV 

WILLIAM CLAIBORNE, LORD BALTIMORE'S ENEMY 

YOU must not think that William Claiborne was the 
only enemy Cecilius Calvert had. There were 
many others. But Claiborne probably gave Lord 
Baltimore more trouble than any other man he met with 
during his whole life. 

It was not through any fault of Lord Baltimore, for we 
shall see that he tried to live at peace with this man and 
to be on friendly terms with him. We promised, in the 
story before this, to tell of the enemies who prevented 
Lord Baltimore from coming to Maryland. Claiborne 
was the chief of these, and we shall now see what he did. 

The whole trouble arose over Kent Island, a large 
island that lies about halfway up Chesapeake Bay and 
opposite Annapolis. On this island, a year or two before 
the settlers landed at St. Mary's, Claiborne had estab- 
lished a trading post. 

It was not really a settlement. It was only a station 
where a few Englishmen lived and kept a stock of goods 
with which to buy furs and skins from the Indians. They 
did not grow any crops. At one time their food gave out 
,and they were near to starvation. And they were so 
weak that they feared the Susquehannough Indians 
would come and murder them all. 

52 



WILLIAM CLAIBORNE 

Claiborne himself did not live there. He owned large 
estates in Virginia on which he lived, and he said that 
Kent Island was a part of that colony. The Virginia 
Council support- 
ed him in this 
claim. But, you 
will ask, what 
right had Virginia 
to claim any part 
of Lord Balti- 
more's colony? 

By their old 
charter the King 
of England had 
given the Virginia 
Company the 
land for two hun- 
dred miles north 
of Old Point Com- 
fort. But before 
George Calvert 
had even thought 
of settling in 
Maryland the 

King had taken this land away from them. But the 
Virginians still said it belonged to them. They did not 
like Lord Baltimore's colony anyhow, especially because 
it was a settlement of Catholics. They were glad of an 
excuse to give him trouble. 




LOCATION OF KENT AND WATSON ISLANDS 



53 



MARYLAND 

Lord Baltimore knew of this post on Kent Island before 
he sent out his first company of settlers. He wrote a 
letter of instructions which he gave to his brother Leonard 
Calvert on board the Ark. 

In this letter he told Governor Calvert to ''write a 
letter to Cap: Clayborne as soone as conveniently [he 
could] after their arrivall in the Countrey ... to 
invite him kindly to come unto them." And further, 
that ''if he come unto them, then that they use him 
courteously and well," . . . and "to lett him know 
that his Lordship is willing to give him all the encourage- 
ment he cann to procede" in his plantation. 

Furthermore, "that they assure him in fine that his 
Lordship intends not to do him any wrong, but to shew 
him all the love and favor that he cann." But if Clai- 
borne should refuse to come to Governor Calvert, then 
"that they lett him alone for the first yeare" until they 
receive instructions from Lord Baltimore how to act. 
Thus it is clear that Lord Baltimore wished to live at 
peace with Claiborne and to treat him kindly. 

Governor Calvert sent word to Claiborne that he would 
have to take out a trading license from Lord Baltimore's 
government. Claiborne refused. This brought trouble 
on himself, because the Marylanders presently captured 
one of his vessels for trading without a license. Then 
Claiborne armed a small boat, the Cockatrice, and sent 
it out with thirty men, under the command of Lieutenant 
Ratcliffe Warren, with orders to seize any vessels belong- 
ing to Lord Baltimore's settlement. 

54 



WILLIAM CLAIBORNE 

When Governor Calvert heard of this he sent out two 
armed pinnaces, the St. Helen and the St. Margaret, 
under the command of Captain Thomas Cornwaleys. 
The three little vessels sailed around the bay looking for 
each other. They were not very big, but they were very 
much in earnest. And before long, when they met in the 




Obverse 



GREAT SEAL OF MARYLAND 



Pocomoke River, they had a brisk little fight. The Cocka- 
trice surrendered. 

Claiborne then gave up his claim to Kent Island, and 
bought from the Indians Palmer's Island — it is now called 
Watson's Island — at the head of the Chesapeake. This 
was really a part of Lord Baltimore's colony, but Clai- 
borne did not know it. And Kent Island was not yet 
quiet either. Claiborne's brother-in-law, John Boteler, 

55 



MARYLAND 

and a certain Thomas Smith were there stirring up the 
people. 

Governor Calvert at length grew tired of sending 
messages to these men, and so sailed after them with 
a little army. He captured both of them and kept them 
prisoners for some time. But Boteler was pardoned and 
remained faithful to Lord Baltimore from that time. 

All this happened within four years of the first settle- 
ment. Instead of being able to give their time to growing 
crops, building houses, and such matters, the St. Mary's 
men had to take up their arms and spend their time in 
fighting with Claiborne and his followers. 

Five or six years later Claiborne returned to Kent 
Island and tried to make the inhabitants rebel. But 
they would not listen to him. They were contented and 
happy. They had lived long enough under Lord Balti- 
more's government to learn how just it was. 

Ten or eleven years after that Claiborne came back to 
Maryland once more bringing trouble with him. At one 
time he had even gone to England to try to persuade the 
King to take away Lord Baltimore's grant. But he did 
not succeed. 

During this last visit of his to the colony Parliament 
was in power. The King of England had been beheaded. 
By a trick Claiborne got Parliament to declare that 
Maryland was in revolt. He even overthrew Lord 
Baltimore's government for a short time and set up one 
of his own. 

56 



WILLIAM CLAIBORNE 

But then Cromwell came into power. He was friendly 
to Lord Baltimore, and this time, too, everything ended 
happily for Lord Baltimore. After this Claiborne gave 
up trying to do harm to the colony of Maryland. 

Claiborne lived to be over four-score years of age. A 
great part of his long life he spent in making trouble for 
Maryland. Lord Baltimore used force with Claiborne 
and his followers when it was necessary. But Cecilius 
Calvert was prudent and patient. He always tried to win 
by peaceful means before using any others. Above all 
he trusted to the justness of his cause and the justice of 
his government to win over to him all those who were 
against him. 



^..*, 




57 



V 

THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP, THE PIONEERS 

ALL the earliest settlements in Maryland were made 
in the tidewater region. That means on the shores 
of Chesapeake Bay and the rivers emptying into it. 
The colonists found there much good land on which no one 
was living. Or if there were Indians living on the land 
they were glad to sell it for a low price, as we have seen. 
Besides, ships from England could sail right up to the 
settlements. 

As more and more settlers came over, however, all of 
the tidewater land was gradually taken. So that the 
newcomers had to build their houses farther inland. 
Farther inland meant farther to the west. And the 
march of the white man westward went on, year after 
year, until at last it reached the Pacific Ocean. 

The men who led this march, the pioneers, were called 
frontiersmen or backwoodsmen. They were bold and 
hardy men, brave in time of danger and ready to face 
hardships. They were fine shots with their rifles, and 
soon became as skillful as the Indians in tracking all sorts 
of game. Their brave wives faced as many dangers and 
endured as much as the men themselves. 

One of the most famous of these pioneers was Thomas 
Cresap. He was only fifteen years old when he came to 

58 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 

Maryland from England. When he grew to manhood 
and was married he settled on the banks of the Susque- 
hanna River. 

Now you must know that for a long time William Penn 
and Lord Baltimore could not agree on the boundary 
between their colonies of Pennsylvania and Maryland. 




CRESAP'S HOME 1730 



It was nearly one hundred and fifty years after the landing 
of the Ark and the Dove before the dispute was settled 
by the marking of Mason and Dixon's Line.* 

The five hundred acres of land which Thomas Cresap 

*See Passano's Plistory t)f Maryland, pp. 36-39 

59 



MARYLAND 

received were in the territory claimed by both Lord Balti- 
more and Penn. Of course Cresap supported Lord Balti- 
more from whom he received his land. Therefore the 
friends of Penn tried to drive him away. 

There was many a fight in this border country. For 
the most part the Marylanders were victorious. But at 
one time the Pennsylvania men followed Cresap so closely 
that he had to take refuge in a fort. They could not 
storm the fort, so they set fire to the roof to burn him out. 
Watching his chance, Cresap rushed to the door and 
hurried down to the river. He had a boat tied there, but 
before he could unfasten it and put off his enemies cap- 
tured him. They took him to Philadelphia and kept him 
in prison for a year. 

He seems to have had enough of this fighting, for on his 
release he removed his family to a place called Old Town, 
in Allegany County, not far from the junction of the north 
and south branches of the Potomac. Here he finally 
made his home, and in time owned large estates lying 
partly in Maryland and partly in Virginia. 

It would not be a very hard matter for your father to 
move from his farm in Baltimore County to a new one in 
Allegany County. The railroad would carry you there 
in a few hours. And the railroad would carry your horses, 
and cows, and wagons, and furniture, and everything else. 
When you came to the end of your journey you would find 
a comfortable house all ready for you to live in. 

Things w^ere different in Cresap's day. Through the 

60 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 

western part of the State stretched mile after mile of 
forest. There were no roads, only Indian trails leading 
through the forests of giant trees. The woods were full 
of wolves, and bears, and wild cats. And tribes of Indians 
wandered about, hunting and making war. 

On a bright Spring morning the Cresaps started out. 
Besides himself there were the mother and two or three 




FORT FREDERICK 
From a sketch in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 



little children. The eldest boy, Daniel, walked behind 
his father, leading a horse on which were packed their 
blankets, kettles, pans and food. Thomas Cresap went 
first, leading a couple of horses loaded in the same way. 
He was dressed like an Indian. His blouse or shirt was 
made of deer skin, and he wore leather leggings and 
moccasins. He even carried a tomahawk and a knife, 

6i 



MARYLAND 

besides his rifle. On the back of one of the pack-horses 
was another rifle and a store of powder, and lead for 
bullets. 

At the end of the line came Mrs. Cresap, on horseback, 
with the two younger children They said good-bye to 
their friends and started off, cheerful and happy, into the 
wilderness. All day long they saw squirrels and rabbits. 
Every now and then they would see a fox or a flock of 
wild turkeys. And they even saw the tracks of a bear. 

At nightfall, just before they reached the cabin of a 
frontiersman where they were going to sleep, they heard 
far off the dismal howling of wolves. The horses snorted 
and pricked up their ears. The babies clung closer to 
their mother. And Cresap looked carefully at his rifles 
to make sure that they were all ready for use. 

For some time they found cabins where they could sleep 
at night. But there came a day when the father told 
them they had passed the last of those cabins. For the 
rest of their journey they would have to camp out at 
night. 

That same day, at a turn in the path, they came upon 
a party of ten Indians. Luckily they were friendly 
Indians on a hunting party, and after a few words of 
greeting they passed on. 

That night the family halted early. Dan and his 
father gathered a lot of wood from under the trees. 
They started a good fire and cooked their supper as the 
sun went down. They washed their pans and dishes in 

62 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 



a little stream beside the camp, and then made ready for 
bed. Wrapped up in warm blankets, they lay down with 
their feet to the fire and slept safely till morning. 

At length they reached the place where they were going 
to make their 
home. Here 
work began i n 
earnest. Re- 
member, they 
were in the 
midst of the for- 
est. There were 
no open fields 
around them, 
but only trees, 
trees every- 
where. They 
unpacked the 
loads on the horses and built themselves a camp near a 
spring. Then Thomas Cresap took his axe in his hand 
and began to fell the trees. 

He had to do what all of these backwoodsmen did. To 
build their houses or cabins they would first have to cut 
down the trees to make a clearing in the midst of the 
forest. With their axes they would cut the trees into 
logs, and of the logs, plastered together with clay, would 
build a one-storied, one-roomed hut. A chimney of rough 
stones or logs and clay at one end, on the outside of the 




LOG CABIN 



63 



MARYLAND 



cabin, led up from the fireplace where they cooked. A 
few blocks of wood served as tables and chairs, and skins 
of bears and other wild animals, laid on the floor or in 
bunks, served as their beds. 

They lived chiefly by hunting and fishing. The game 
they ate, and the skins they carried in the autumn to the 
settlements to the eastward to exchange them for groceries, 
cloth, powder, balls and shot, and all the other things that 

a frontiersman needed. 
They lived surrounded 
by wild Indians who of- 
ten attacked them. They 
wore clothing of skins, 
and moccasins such as 
the Indians wore. They 
even learned to fight 
Indian fashion with 
tomahawk and knife as 
well as with rifle. 

Shortly after the 
arrival of the Cresaps in 
their new home, their 
youngest son, Michael, was born. While Michael was 
growing up, his father cleared more and more of the forest 
until, at length, he had a fine farm. He built himself 
a large house and surrounded it with a stockade. 
Here he and the other pioneers, who began to settle in 
the neighborhood, would take refuge when the Indians 
went on the war-path. 

64 



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INTERIOR OF LOG CABIN 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 

This hardy old man lived to be more than a hundred 
years of age, and was active up to the last. He had 
received no education as a youth because of his poverty. 
But he had educated himself so well that he was even 
commissioned by Lord Baltimore to survey the western 



FACSIMILE OF 

COL. THOMAS CRESAP'S MAP 
SOURCES OF THE POTOMAC 




^fn\ 



CRESAP S MAP 
From a drawing in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

boundary of Maryland. You can see the very map that 
he made in the rooms of the Maryland Historical Society. 
Thomas Cresap entertained Washington at his home in 
Old Town, and indeed he was noted for his hospitality. 
He welcomed all travelers at his house, even hunting 
parties of Indians as well as whites. It is said he had a 
huge kettle and ladle for the Indians to use when they 

65 



MARYLAND 

visited him, and always gave them a whole ox. Because 
of this generosity the Indians named him Big-spoon. 

Michael Cresap grew up on his father's farm until he 
was old enough to go to school. He was sent to a school 
in Baltimore County, but he seems to have longed to get 
back to his life in the open air. At any rate he ran away, 
and traveled all the way to his home alone. One hun- 
dred and fifty miles it was, and at the end of his journey 
what happened? His father whipped him soundly and 
sent him back to school. This time ho staid at school 
until he had finished his studies. 

He began life as an Indian trader, but did not succeed. 
And besides, the longing to go out into the wilderness 
came to him as it had come to his father. He made his 
way, with six or seven young men whom he hired, into 
the Ohio wilderness. There they began to make homes 
for themselves. 

In the meanwhile the Indians were being pressed 
farther and farther to the west by the advancing whites. 
Nor did they like it. They began to wonder what would 
become of them as the white man kept pressing onward. 
Added to this the Indians had learned to drink whisky, 
^' fire-water" as they called it, and when drunk would often 
do deeds of barbarous cruelty. All the region along the 
Ohio River was in an uneasy state, and many settlers and 
traders were murdered. An Indian war was threatening. 

Michael Cresap was cautious and prudent, and tried 
in every way to avoid trouble with the savages. He 

66 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 

understood their nature thoroughly and had had a great 
many deahngs with them in peace and in war. Therefore, 
when the war broke out, he was chosen as the fittest 
leader the whites could have. Many farmers, hunters 




THE NARROWS AT CUMBERLAND 
Pathway to the West 

and pioneers flocked together at Wheeling and put them- 
selves under his command. 

There was in the neighborhood the camp of an Indian 
chief named Logan. He had long been friendly to the 
whites, and was a noble looking, noble-minded savage, 
until he became debased by drunkenness. A battle took 

67 



MARYLAND 

place between the warriors of his camp and some whites, 
and several Indians were killed. Michael Cresap and his 
band took no part in this fight, yet he has been wrongly 
blamed for it. This was the signal for a war that broke 
out on all sides. Logan went on the warpath, and many 
whites were massacred. 

But not long afterwards the Indians were defeated in 
a bloody battle at a place called Point Pleasant. After 
this they made peace. Logan did not enter into this 
peace, and still laid on Cresap the blame for the murder 
of his relatives. He wandered about in the wilderness 
until he was killed by an Indian enemy. 

In the meanwhile the Revolutionary War had broken 
out between the colonies and Great Britain. Cresap 
learned, on reaching home, that the Committee of Safety 
at Frederick had appointed him captain of one of the two 
companies of Maryland riflemen who were going to the war. 

This was in June, 1775. He soon had his company 
organized. There were ^'upwards of one hundred and 
thirty men from the mountains and backwoods, painted 
like Indians, armed with tomahawks and rifles, dressed 
in hunting shirts and moccasins." They set off on their 
journey, and in twenty-two days, after a march of more 
than five hundred miles over rough roads, arrived at 
Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the ninth of August. They 
were stationed at Roxbury, to the south of Boston, where, 
with their rifles, they would pick off at long range any of 
the enemy that exposed themselves. 

68 



THOMAS AND MICHAEL CRESAP 



Captain Cresap was still in bad health, and so, after 
serving three months, he got leave to return to his home. 
But his illness increased, and he had to stop in New York, 
where he died of a fever on October 18, 1775. He was 
only three and thirty years of age, but those years had 
been full of adventure and full of endeavor. He was 
buried with military honors in Trinity churchyard. 




In Memory oF 
MclwelCreA apTinsrt C&p 
OffheBlfleBatalionfir 

And Son to CoC Tfcomeis 
Cr e^apWtiolQeparteltiK 




SKETCH OF TABLET IN TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK CITY 



69 



VI 

INDIAN MASSACRES 

IN our second story we read about the Indians, and 
learned how they disappeared in time from Mary- 
land. But that was true only of those in the east. 
In the western part of the colony the Indians lived for 
many years, and gave the settlers much trouble. 

The time when the danger from the Indians was great- 
est was when Michael Cresap and his father were living. 
This was not many years before the Revolution. France 
and England were at war at that time for five or six years. 
This is called the French and Indian War. Both sides 
had Indian allies. On the side of the French were the 
Algonquins, on the side of the English the Iroquois. 

Both France and England wanted to possess America. 
England claimed the continent as far as it went to the 
west, although no one knew how far that was But 
something was known of this western wilderness even 
then. 

French discoverers had made their way far up the St. 
Lawrence river. And they had sailed down the Missis- 
sippi to its mouth. So that France claimed all the central 
part of the continent. The French built forts eastward 
and the English westward into the Alleghany mountains. 

70 



INDIAN MASSACRES 



They drew nearer and nearer together. At last France 
and England had to fight to drive each other back. 

The French had built Fort Du Quesne where Pittsburg 
now stands. The English had a stronghold at Fort 
Cumberland whe-re is now the city of Cumberland. 
French soldiers, with their cruel Indian allies, might at 
any time march into the 
western part of Maryland. 
They would kill the settlers 
and conquer the colony. 

Forts ought to be built 
and troops raised to drive 
the Frenchmen back. But 
to do these things money was 
needed. Governor Sharpe 
did his best to raise money 
and supplies. But the Mary- 
land Legislature w^as mean 
and stingy. They almost 
refused to grant Governor 
Sharpe anything. They gave 

him very little, and higgled and bargained over that 
little until Governor Sharpe hardly knew what to do. 

In the meantime England sent over to Maryland an 
army of a thousand men. General Edward Braddock was 
in command of this army. They were good soldiers, well 
armed, and General Braddock was a brave commander. 
But neither the general nor the men knew anything about 




GOVERNOR HORATIO SHARPE 



71 



MARYLAND 

Indian warfare. That was where the fatal trouble 
arose. 

Even then matters would most likely have gone all 
right, if General Braddock had listened to the advice of 
Washington and other brave Americans who were with 

him. They had fought 
against Indians and knew 
their ways. But General 
Braddock was an obstinate 
man. He thought that he 
knew best and would not 
listen to Washington. 

This army was going to 
try to capture Fort Du- 
quesne. But General 
Braddock seemed to think 
it did not matter how slow 
he was in getting there. 
His army marched only two 
or three miles a clay, and 
stopped to build a road as 
they went along. And all this time Indian bands 
swarmed into the western part of the colony. They 
burned the houses, and killed men, women and children. 

At length the English army came almost in sight of Fort 
Duquesne. They were marching over mountains and 
through thick forests. Washington begged General 
Braddock to send the American soldiers in advance. He 




GENERAL BRADDCCK 



72 



INDIAN MASSACRES 



knew the forest would be full of Indians. He wanted to 
lead his own soldiers ahead to drive the Indians awsiy. 
But General Braddock said no. 

It was a hot day in July. The army marched along as 
if on parade. The flags were flying, the music was pla}^- 
ing. The bright red coats 
of the British soldiers shone 
in the sunlight. Presently 
they entered a deep ravine. 
All at once a shot rang out 
and a British soldier fell. 
Then rifle shots sounded on 
all sides. The Indians were 
attacking. 

The British soldiers were 
all crowded together. They 
fired into the woods, but 
could not see the Indians. 
The Indians, hidden be- 
hind trees, and bushes, 
and rocks, had the soldiers' 
bright red coats as targets. More than half of the 
British were killed, and General Braddock was mortally 
wounded. 

The American riflemen fought from behind trees and 
rocks, in Indian fashion. Washington had two horses 
killed under him, and four balls passed through his coat. 
But he was not hurt. What was left of the army fled to 




GEORGE WASHINGTON, COLONEL 
VIRGINIA MILITIA 

From photograph of portrait in the posses- 
sion of the Maryland Historical Society 



73 



MARYLAND 

Fort Cumberland. But the British refused to stay there, 
and soon after went to Philadelphia. 

And now the whole of western Maryland was at the 
mercy of the Indians. The settlers, as fast as they could, 
fled to Fort Cumberland and the block houses they had 




FORT CUMBERLAND 
From a print in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 



built. But many of them were killed before they could 
get there. 

The ''Maryland Gazette," day after day, published such 
news as this: 

''By a person who arrived in town [Annapolis] last 
Monday, from Col. Cresap's, we are told that last 

74 



INDIAN MASSACRES 

Wednesday morning the Indians had taken a man pris- 
oner who was going to Fort Cumberland from Frazier's, 
and had also carried off a woman from Frazier's planta- 
tion, which is four miles on this side Fort Cumberland. 




PLAN OF FORT CUMBERLAND IN 1755 



The same morning they fell in with a man and his wife 
who had left their plantations and were retiring into the 
more populous parts of the country; they shot the horse 
on which the man rid, but as it did not fall immediately, 
he made his escape; the woman, it is supposed, fell into 

75 



MARYLAND 




their hands, as neither she nor the horse on which she 

was riding have been since seen or heard of." 

On a farm in Frederick County there liA^ed a man 

named Benjamin Rogers with his wife and seven children. 

On a night in the October after Braddock's defeat they 

were all sleeping soundly in their cabin. All at once the 

father was awak- 
ened by a gentle 
tapping at the win- 
dow. 

He got out of bed 
quietly to see what 
was the matter. He 
did not open the 
door. He was afraid 
it might be Indians 
trying to surprise 
them. He looked 
out through a loop- 
hole and saw a white 

man standing by the window. Then he opened the door. 
" What is it?" asked Mr. Rogers. 
''The Indians are coming/' whispered the man. Then 

the messenger hurried on to warn the settlers in the next 

cabin four or five miles away. 

There was no time to be lost. Mr. Rogers quickly woke 

his wife and children, and they started off to the nearest 

stockade. Mrs. Rogers rode on their horse. She carried 

76 



.. ,.1 '^.- 



BLOCKHOUSE 
A Remnant of Fort Duquesne at Pittsburgh 



INDIAN MASSACRES 



the baby in her arms, and nursed it to keep it from crying. 
In front of her were the two Uttle children. The four 
older children walked. 

Mary and Tom and Joe walked with their father in 
front. The eldest boy, Ben, led the horse. Mr. Rogers 
had his rifle, and Ben carried one, too. They went along 
quietly through the thick woods. The two little girls were 
so sleepy that they could 
hardly sit on the horse. 

They had come to 
within less than a mile of 
the fort. All at once a 
rifle shot sounded and 
Mr. Rogers fell to the 
ground dead. Then the 
Indians burst out of the 
woods all around them 
Ben put his rifle to his 
shoulder, but before he 
could fire an Indian toma- 
hawked him. Mrs. Rogers dug her heels into the horse 
and tried to escape. But another Indian caught the 
horse's bridle and stopped her. 

There they were, prisoners. The Indians scalped Mr. 
Rogers and Ben, and hurried away with the mother and 
the little children. They carried them far off into the 
Ohio wilderness. What became of them? Nobody 
knows. 




AN ATTACK BY THE INDIANS 



77 



MARYLAND 





^%^^ 






Mrs. Rogers may have been tortured and killed. The 
baby very likely died on the journey. The little children 
may have been sold to the Frenchmen. Or, perhaps, the 
Indians adopted them into their tribe. In that case they 
would grow up as Indians. They would marry Indian 
wives and husbands and live the life of the savages. 

Sometimes the 
Indians would reach 
a cabin before the 
messenger could get 
there. They would 
set fire to the house 
and murder the 
settler and his wife. 
They would cruelly 
kill the little chil- 
dren, and carry off 
the older ones into 
captivity. Some- 
times they would 
leave not a single 
soul alive. 
The Indians several times tried to capture Fort Cumber- 
land. There was a blood-thirsty chief among them 
named Kill-buck. He and his warriors formed a plan to 
capture the fort and kill all who were in it. They said 
they were friends of the English, and that they wanted 
to make peace, to ''bury the hatchet." So they asked 

78 



' ^■^'^ 




«.^^o»a^^^^^^^^!^ 



INDIAN BOY LEARNING TO SHOOT 



INDIAN MASSACRES 

to be allowed to enter the fort. The commandant pre- 
tended to believe them and opened the gates. But as soon 
as Kill-buck and a few of his warriors had entered, the 
gates were shut. The chiefs were then dressed in women's 
clothes and driven out. The soldiers laughed at them and 
called them squaws. To the proud savages this was 
almost worse than being killed. 

At length peace was declared between France and 
England, and then the massacres ceased. This was the 
end of Indian wars in Maryland. The Indians must not 
be too much blamed. They fought in the manner of all 
their race. As long as it was a question of the Maryland 
settlers on one side and the Indians on the other, we have 
seen that but little trouble arose. It was only when 
two nations of whites, fighting against each other, took 
savage Indians for their allies, that the settlers suffered 
the worst cruelties of Indian warfare. 




^fe 



79 



VII 

MASTER AND SERVANT 

YOU must remember that in the days when Maryland 
was first settled, as now, Englishmen were divided 
into distinct classes. There were the aristocracy 
and nobility, the middle class of merchants, and the 
artisans and laborers. Not a few gentlemen, members of 
noble families, came to the New World. But of course 
most of the settlers were artisans, laborers and farmers. 

When they arrived in the colony they all became, rich 
and poor alike, farmers. Even those who had a trade — 
blacksmiths, carpenters, shoemakers — were obliged to 
cultivate their fields and gardens. For the first thing the 
settlers had to think of, after getting a roof to sleep under, 
was food. 

Except that they all became farmers the settlers were 
not alike. To the gentlemen who were rich Lord Balti- 
more granted large estates. Many of them received a 
thousand acres of land. Some few received as much even 
as twenty thousand acres. But most of the settlers 
received homesteads of from fifty to one hundred acres. 
Every estate, large or small, had to pay Lord Baltimore 
a small sum, called a quit rent, yearly. 

You must not think that the gentlemen received large 
estates just because they were rich. Not at all. What 

80 



MASTER AND SERVANT 

a man received depended on what he could do to help the 
colony. Of course what the colony needed most of all 
was men and women. 

A man who had only enough money to pay for his own, 
and perhaps his wife's, passage to the New World received 




^YARWICK FORT MANOR, DORCHESTER COUxNTY 

only a small farm. But a man who was rich enough to 
pay the expenses of ten or twenty settlers besides himself 
received a large estate. These large estates were called 

manors. • i i j. 

Thus one of the early laws passed in the colony said that 

8i 



MARYLAND 

a manor should be granted to anyone "who should bring 
with him from England twenty abk-bodied men, each 
armed with a musket, a sword and belt, a bandelier and 
flask, ten pounds of powder, and forty pounds of bullets 
and shot." 

I suppose most of you have heard an estate in your 
county called '^ the manor." Do you know what a manor 
was? In early times it was a kind of little government 
within the government of the colony. The owner of the 
estate and the freemen who rented farms from him gov- 
erned themselves. Of course they had to obey Lord 
Baltimore's laws. But they held some courts of law, 
and they punished thieves, poachers and other evil-doers. 

On the manor there was the great house where the 
owner and his family lived. Nearby was a chapel. 
Around the manor house were barns, stables, smoke- 
houses and the cabins of negro slaves. And lying a mile 
or two apart were the small houses where tenant farmers 
lived. The manor had its own blacksmith shop and its 
own mill. It was a little world in itself. 

These planters and farmers were the masters. Who 
were the servants* of the colony? Most of them were 
called redemptioners. Some of them were convicts. 
Robert Louis Stevenson, in a story called '' Kidnapped," 



*The teacher should make it clear that the word servant as used here is 
not synonymous with domestic servant, as is now a common usage. The 
word means one bound to service. A servant might be a farm laborer, a 
mechanic, an apprentice, etc. 

82 



MASTER AND SERVANT 

tells how a boy named David Balfour was kidnapped on 
board a ship in Scotland. The captain was to take him 
to America and sell him to a planter. When you read the 
story you will find that David made his escape. If he 
had not done so he would have become a redemptioner. 
Let us suppose the ship has arrived at St. Mary's or 




KENT FORT MANOR 



some other port in Maryland. The Captain takes David, 
and a score more of young men and women, ashore. The 
planters have come to town on hearing of the arrival of 
the ship. Captain Hoseason tells them the news of all 
that is going on in England and in Europe. After some 
friendly talk they begin business. 

83 



MARYLAND 

The captain wants to know how much tobacco and other 
stuff the planters have to load his ship. The planters 
want to know what sort of goods Captain Hoseason has 
brought over to trade. Presently the captain tells them 
he has twenty strong young men and three young women 
with him. The planters are very much interested in this. 
They all go off to where David and his companions are 
waiting. And presently David finds that he has been sold 
to one of the planters. 

You must not think that David was sold as a slave. 
He was only sold for four years. At the end of that time 
he would be free again. But during that time he had 
to serve his master, and received no wages except his food 
and clothing. He had to work on his master's farm hoe- 
ing corn and tobacco, feeding pigs, and harvesting the 
crops. 

You must not think either that all of David's com- 
panions had been kidnapped. They had come to Mary- 
land of their own free will. Many times it happened that 
a man or woman in England wanted to try his fortunes in 
the New World, but had not money enough to pay for his 
passage and outfit. 

In such case he would bargain with the captain or owner 
of a ship bound for the colonies to take him over without 
charge. On arriving, as we have seen, the captain of the 
vessel would sell him, or rather his services, to some 
planter for a term of two, three, or four years. The 
money received would go to pay for his passage. 

84 



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MARYLAND 

These redemptioners were as a class honest and hard- 
working men and women. Some of them were educated 
gentlemen and were employed to teach the planters' 
children. The women very often were married to their 
masters or some other of the freemen of the colony. 

These indentured servants were usually treated kindly. 
When they had served their time they received by 
law ''one cap or hat, one new cloth or frieze suit, one 
shirt, one pair shoes and stockings, one axe, one broad 
and one narrow hoe, fifty acres land, and three barrels of 
corn." Sometimes they received more than this if they 
had served a generous master well. In any case they had 
enough to make a good start in life. 

The other servants in the colony were convicts. In our 
days a convict is a very wicked man who has committed 
burglary or forgery, perhaps, or even murder. But in 
those days punishments were much severer than they are 
now. A man might be sent to the gallows for stealing a 
few shillings. Even a woman might be hanged for steal- 
ing a loaf of bread for her starving children. 

Many persons thought these laws too severe. So that 
very often a man or woman sentenced to death would have 
his sentence commuted. That is, instead of being hanged 
he would be sent to one of the colonies and sold to a 
master for seven or fourteen years. 

Some of the men thus transported were not common 
criminals at all, but were political offenders. Not a few 
were Jacobites who were taken prisoners while fighting to 



MASTER AND SERVANT 

place James the Pretender on the English throne. Several 
ship-loads, mostly Scotchmen, were sent to Maryland. 
They were far from being an undesirable class of settlers. 
Not a few, with their descendants, have taken a prominent 
part in the history of the State., 

Of the negro slaves but little need be said. There were 
a few slaves in the colony from its beginning. They were 
a race apart from all others. The laws regulated their 
treatment, and cruelty in a master was punished, but, 
unlike the other servants, they never regained their free- 
dom unless the master freed them of his own accord. 




87 



VIII 

GERMANS AND FRENCH 

DID you ever stop to think how many different 
nationalities there are in America? In Maryland 
to-day there are men from nearly every country 
of the globe. Yet they are nearly all true Americans and 
loyal Marylanders. 

The earliest settlers in our State were, of course, Eng- 
lishmen. But at a very early date men of other nations 
began to come to the colony. It was only about thirty 
years after the settlement of St. Mary's that citizens were 
naturalized in Maryland for the first time. Being natural- 
ized meant that, though they were foreign born, they 
should have the same rights as Englishmen. 

These naturalized citizens were Augustine Herman and 
his family. Herman was a Bohemian born in Prague. 
He came to Maryland by a sort of accident. Lord Balti- 
more got into a dispute with the people of Manhattan 
(New York) and Peter Stuyvesant, the governor of Man- 
hattan, sent Augustine Herman to Maryland as his agent. 

Herman liked the country so well when he travelled 
through it that he decided to stay. He made a bargain 
with Lord Baltimore. He agreed to make a map of the 
province in exchange for the grant of a manor. 

88 



GERMANS AND FRENCH 



Lord Baltimore gave him five thousand acres on the 

Elk river. Herman called his estate Bohemia Manor. 

He increased it to twenty thousand acres. This made his 

estate about half as large as the District of Columbia. 
He built a great house where he lived in state. He had 

one of the very few 

carriages in the colony, 

and used to ride about 

in a coach- and-four 

with liveried servants. 
He must have seemed 
a very prince to the 
poor backwoodsman 
living in his log cabin. 
But indeed it must 
have been easier to go 
on horseback or on 
foot, than to jolt over 
the rough roads of 
those days in a heavy 
old-fashioned coach. 

The map he made is 
now in the British 

Museum. It was a very good map for those days. But on 
the northwest corner of it he marked the Alleghany moun- 
tains, near Cumberland, and says, " These mighty high and 
great Mountaines ... is supposed to be the very 
middle Ridg of Northern America." This shows how 

89 




AUGUSTINE HERMAN 

From a print in the possession of the Maryland 
Historical Society 



MARYLAND 

little was then known of the vast continent stretching 
westward to the Pacific. 

But you will remember that in story number five we 



G^^ ^^ V-I K^k^cH 







HERMAN S MAP OF MARYLAND 
From a copy of the original in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

saw how the pioneers were opening up the West. In 
Maryland many of these western settlers were Germans 
who came from the country along the river Rhine. 



90 



GERMANS AND FRENCH 

At about the time of the reign of Queen Anne of Eng- 
land, long and bloody wars were fought in Europe. 
Many parts of Germany were so laid waste that the poor 
people could hardly keep themselves alive. And besides, 
many of them were persecuted because of their religious 
belief. 

These poor, persecuted 
Germans turned their 
eyes to the New World. 
There a man need only 
work to live in plenty. 
And was it not natural 
that they should turn 
their steps towards Mary- 
land? There was a land 
whose laws expressly said 
that no one should be 
'' troubled or molested" 
for his religion. 

So it was that many of 
them came to America. 
They landed in New York, 
and from there made their 

way into Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia. It was 
almost exactly one hundred years after the first settlement 
that they began to come to Maryland. 

They were a God-fearing, thrifty, industrious people. 
They were the kind of settlers the colony needed, and so 



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JOHN THOMAS SCHLEY 



91 



MARYLAND 



the Governor offered them land. They settled near what 

is now the town of Frederick, and ten years after their 

coming they laid out that town. 

Their leader was a schoolmaster, John Thomas Schley. 

He it was who built the first house in Frederick. He 

taught the children of 
the settlement, and in 
every way worked for 
the welfare of the 
colony. He has many 
descendants in the State, 
and one of them you 
have all heard of, 
Admiral Winfield Scott 
Schley, who won renown 
in the war with Spain. 

Four years after the 
arrival of this colony 
another,led by Jonathan 
Hagar, entered western 
Maryland. This leader 
laid out a town which 
he named Elizabeth 
Town, after his wife, but 

the people soon gave it the name which it now bears, 

Hagerstown. 

Many other settlements followed these two, and western 

Maryland before many years was filled. with neat little 




M^INFIELD SCOTT SCHLEY 



92 



MARYLAND 

towns and well kept farms. These German settlers were 
sober, industrious and frugal. They built up a trade with 
Baltimore that steadily grew, and flourishes to this day. 
Their goods were carried at first on strings of six or eight 
pack-horses, and later in the large covered carts called 
Conestoga wagons. 

They gave very queer names to their settlements and 




CONESTOGA WAGON 



farms. The Englishmen in the eastern part of the colony 
called their manors by such names as Evelinton, Kent 
Fort, or White Hall. Some of the names which the Ger- 
mans gave are Hagar's Delight, Small Bit, Jacob's Loss 
and Found It Out. 

These names bring to mind the name Acadia, another 
country whose persecuted people came to Maryland. 

94 



GERMANS AND FRENCH 

The poet Longfellow has told the story of the Acaclians in 
his poem Evangeline.* AVhen you are older I hope you 
will read this poem for yourselves. 

Acadia w^as a part of Nova Scotia, and the people were 
French. But France had been compelled to give up Nova 
Scotia to the English. France and England were at war 
for a long time, but the Acadians for the most part took 
no part in the war. But they did not like their English 
rulers and gave them some trouble. So the English 
determined that the Acadians must leave their country. 

Thousands of them were driven on board of ships to be 
sent away. They were not allowed to take their property 
with them, and their crops were burned before their eyes. 
In the hurry and confusion friends were separated. Even 
parents and children were put on ships bound for different 
places and never saw each other again. 

Nine hundred of them came to Maryland, but they were 
not received kindly. The French and Indian war was 
going on, and the people of Maryland did not know, or did 
not remember, that the French Acadians had taken no 
part in it. Five vessels with the Acadians on board 
arrived at Annapolis. One ship-load remained at that 
place, one was sent to the Patuxent River, one to Oxford, 
one to Wicomico, and one to Baltimore. 

In most cases they were received unwillingly and 
treated with unkindness. Those sent to Oxford, however, 

*Francis Parkman, in Harper's Magazine, vol. 69, gives a brief account 
of the Acadian tragedy. 

95 



MARYLAND 

were befriended by Henry Callister, a merchant of that 
town, who spent all his fortune in caring for them. Those 
sent to Baltimore were treated with charity. By their 
industry these last, before long, were able to build them- 
selves houses in a part of the city that was called French 
Town. Many of them prospered, and their descendants 
have become respected citizens of the State. Theirs was 
the first Catholic Church in Baltimore. 




96 



IX 

TWO EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE 

IN a story before this we have told about indentured 
servants, redemptioners. One of them, named 
George Alsop, came to the colony from London in 
the earliest days of the colony. He wrote an account of 
the province, and also described his life in letters to his 
father and friends in England. He was about twenty 
years old at the time, and had served an apprenticeship 
of two years in London. He was indentured to Thomas 
Stockett and went to live with him on his estate in 
Baltimore County. 

Reports had been spread in England that servants in 
Maryland had to work very hard, and were ill-treated. 
So that people hesitated to come to the province. A 
certain John Hammond had published an account of Vir- 
ginia and Maryland, called ^'Leah and Rachel." In his 
book he praised the lot of the redemptioners, but still 
they did not come over fast enough. So it is very likely 
that George Alsop wrote his account, at Lord Baltimore's 
request, to persuade servants to come. He may have 
been paid for writing it. 

He begins by calling Maryland, '^ drest in her green and 
fragrant Mantle of the Spring," the landscape of creation. 

97 



MARYLAND 

He says, ''Within her doth dwell so much of variety, so 

much of natural plenty, that there is not an\^ thing 

. . . rare but it inhabits within this plentious soyle." 

His spelling is rather funny, is it not? But indeed 

every one spelled badly in 
those days. 

He speaks of the abund- 
ance of game, and says that 
at one time in his master's 
house there were '' four score 
Venisons, besides plenty of 
other provisions." There 
were only seven in the 
family, and they had so 
much venison that in time 
they would rather eat plain 
bread. He saw hundreds 
of wild turkeys in flight in 
the woods and '' millionous 
multitudes" of water-fowl. 
He speaks of the freedom 
of religious worship, and 
says that ''here every man lives quietly, and follows his 
labour and imployment" as he desires. "A man may 
walk in the open Woods as secure ... as in his 
own house." There were no common alehouses, he says, 
and no prisons, because they were not needed. "The 
Son works as well as the Servant, ... so that 

98 




GEORGE ALS(JP 

From a print in the possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



A 

CHARACTER 

Of the PROVINCE of 

MARY-LAND, 

Wherein is Defcribed in four diftind: 
Parts, {Viz.) 

I. The Scituation^ and plenty of the Province, 
II. The Laws^ Cujioms^ and natural Demea- 
nor of the Inhabitant. 

III. The worji and befi Vfage of a Mary- 

Land Servant., opened' in view. 

IV. The Trafflque^ and Vendahle Commodities 

of the Countrey. 

ALSO 

it email Treatife on the Wilde and 

Naked INDIANS (or Sufquehanokes) 
o^ Mary- Land, their Cuftoms, Man- 
ners, Abfurdities, & Religion. 

Together with a CoUedion of Hifto- 
rical LETTERS. 



By GEORGE ALSOP. 



London, Printed by T. J. for Peter Bring, 
at the fign of the Sun in the Poultrey; 1666. 
3 

FACSIMILE OF TITLE PAGE OF ORIGINAL EDITION OF ALSOP's BOOK 



MARYLAND 

before they eat their bread, they are commonly taught 
how to earn it." 

As to his lot as a redemptioner he says, '' The four years 
I served were not to me so slavish as a two years . . , 
Apprenticeship ... in London." Five days and 
a half in the summer weeks the servant worked. For 
two months in midsummer he rested three hours in the 
middle of the day in the house. In the three winter 
months, December, January and February, servants did 
no work but cut wood. They could go hunting if they 
wished. Women servants very often found husbands, 
says Alsop. The author of ''Leah and Rachel" denies 
that women were made to work in the fields. 

The three principal articles of trade in the colony were 
"tobacco, furs and flesh" — tobacco the chief of the three. 
It is curious, but Alsop does not speak of Indian corn. 
Between November and January twenty or more vesseU 
from Europe would brings silks, hollands, serges and 
broadcloths to be exchanged for tobacco. The New 
England traders carried away ship-loads of pork. There 
was considerable trade with Barbadoes also. 

In letters to his father and friends he speaks of his 
comfortable life and of the quiet happiness of the people 
of the colony. But he advises a friend, ''Mr. M. F.," 
that if he send any adventure of trade to the province, 
to see to it that his agent " be a man of a Brain, otherwise 
the Planter will go near to make a Skimming-dish of his 
Skull." For the Marylanders "are a more acute people 

100 



MARYLAND 

in general, in matters of Trade and Commerce^ than in 
any other place of the World, and by their crafty and sure 
bargaining, do often over-reach the raw and unexperi- 
enced Merchant." We shall see presently how one Eng- 
lish merchant was thus over-reached. * Alsop probably 
returned to England when his four years of service were 
over. 

Another Englishman, Ebenezer Cook, a tobacco buyer, 
or as he calls himself a '' sot-weed factor," came to Mary- 
land in the year 1700 with a ship-load of goods. He 
wrote an account in verse of what befell him, and we will 
let him tell his own story. After speaking of a painful 
and stormy voyage he says: 

" We plough' d the Bay, 
To Cove it in Piscato-way, 
Intending there to open Store, 
I put myself and Goods a-shoar: 
Where soon repair' d a numerous Crew, 
In Shirts and Drawers of Scotch-cloth Blue, 
With neither Stockings, Hat nor Shooe. 
These Sot-weed Planters Crowd the Shoar, 
In hue as tawny as a Moor." 

He crossed the river in a ''Canoo, a Vessel . . 
fashioned like a Trough for Swine." He was very much 
afraid of falling. So he stood up with his legs stretched 
far apart. He heard the howling of wolves and was badly 
scared. But he recovered from his fright when he heard 
a woman calling to a youth to drive home a herd of cattle. 
He went home with the boy and was made welcome by 

1 02 



^1 



> 






''p^niMrviim'fc ii» 



FACSIMILE OF TITLE PAGE OF ORIGINAL SOT-WEED FACTOR 



MARYLAND 

the master of the house. He and the company drank 
cider until supper was put on the table, when 

" After hearty Entertainment 
Of Drink and Victuals without payment; 
For Planters' Tables, you must know, 
Are free for all that come and go. 
While Pon and Milk, with Mush well stoar'd 
In Wooden Dishes grac'd the Board; 
With Homine and Syder-pap, 
(Which scarce a hungry dog would lap) 
Well stuff'd with Fat from Bacon fry'd, 
Or with Mollossus dulcify'd. 
Then out our Landlord pulls a Pouch 
As greasy as the Leather Couch 
On which he sat, and straight begun 
To load with Weed his Indian Gun."* 

" His Pipe smoak'd out, with aweful Grace, 

The reverend Sire walks to a Chest, 

Of all his Furniture the best, 

From whence he lugs a Cag of Rum." 

The visitor evidently showed that he did not like the 
native food, for his host told him that in time he would be 
glad to get it though his stomach was then so fine. 
Presently he was shown to bed by a servant maid. She 
tells him she is indentured for four years, and that she 
spends her time in working bare-foot in the fields, in 
weeding corn and in feeding swine. He got into his bed 
which 



*That is, he began to fill his pipe with tobacco. 

104 



EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE 

" Made of Feathers soft and good, 
Close in the Chimney-corner stood," 

expecting to have a good sleep. But he was soon dis- 
turbed by the noise made by a cat, a dog, a pig, and by 
ducks and geese chased into his room by a fox. To 
escape all this he went into the orchard to lie till day 
should come. But the frogs made such a din he had no 
rest. Presently he heard the hissing of a rattlesnake and 
was frightened again. He was always being frightened. 
He climbed into a tree for safety, but even there 

" Not yet from Plagues exempted quite, 
The curst Muskitoes did me bite; 

Till rising Morn and blushing Day." 

He climbed down from his tree and 

" Did to Planter's Booth repair, 
And there at Breakfast nobly Fare 
On rashier broil'd of infant Bear: 
I thought the Cub delicious Meat, 
Which ne'er did ought but Chesnuts eat." 

After breakfast he left on the back of his host's horse 
and guided by his son. He met some peaceful Indians 
and, of course, was frightened again. After a while he 
arrived at ''Battle-Town" where court was in session. 
The inn was full, but Mr. Cook at length found a place to 
sleep in a corn-loft. In the morning he awoke to find that 
someone had stolen his shoes, hat, wig and stockings. 

105 



MARYLAND 

They had been thrown into the fire by some practical 
joker. 

After passing through other adventures he journeyed 
to the Eastern Shore to try to buy tobacco with the goods 
he had brought from England. There he met a Quaker 
who agreed to buy his goods 

" for ten thousand weight, 
Of Sot-weed good and fit for freight, 
Hi ***** * 

In Cask that should contain compleat. 
Five hundred of Tobacco neat."* 

Mr. Cook delivered his ^Hruck" from London and went 
after his tobacco. But he found that the tobacco had 
already been shipped away, and that the merchant had 
disappeared. He employed a law^yer and went to have 
his case tried at Annapolis, 

" A City Situate on a Plain, 
Where scarce a House will keep out Rain." 

The houses were built of wood, and there was no market 
place or exchange. 

He won his case, but the verdict said he should receive 
'^ country pay," that is, staves, corn and other such arti- 
cles, for which he had no use. Disgusted he left the town 
and hurried to a port which he calls ''Kicketan" whence 
the England bound fleet sailed home. There, 



*Net, that is, not counting the weight of tlie cask. 

1 06 



EARLY ACCOUNTS OF THE PROVINCE 

" Embarqu'd and waiting for a Wind 
I left this dreadful Curse behind." ' 

I do not believe Ebenezer Cook ever came back to 
Marvland, do you? He was too fussy and hard to please 
to get along well in a new land. But it might have done 
him good to be kidnapped and sent over as a redemptioner 
for three or four years. 




107 



X 

A VISIT TO ANNAPOLIS 

WE have come to a time just before the outbreak of 
the Revolution. It is more than one hundred 
years since the settlement of St. Mary's. Many 
changes have taken place in Maryland. Instead of the 
two or three hundred men who landed from the Ark and 
the Dove, there are now in the colony two hundred 
thousand. These men are not all farmers now. Many of 
them are lawyers and merchants. 

Thousands of vessels, every year, bring goods to the 
colony and carry away corn, provisions, skins, lumber and 
hemp to England and her colonies. Thousands of barrels 
of flour and hundreds of thousands of bushels of wheat 
leave Maryland each year. But, above all, ship after ship 
sails away to England laden with tobacco. 

In fact tobacco took the place of money. Everyone 
grew tobacco because it was used as money, thinking in 
this way to grow rich. But then the tobacco became so 
plentiful that it was worth less than before. So that even 
if a man had grown twice as much of it he was no better 
off, because he had to give twice as much of it in exchange 
for other things he wanted. 

Tobacco money worked badly in many ways. For 
instance, suppose a man rented a farm for two thousand 

1 08 



MARYLAND 

pounds of tobacco, and suppose so much tobacco was 
raised that it became worth only half as much as before; 
then, you see, his landlord was really receiving, in value, 
only half the rent agreed upon. This was neither fair nor 
honest. And the same injustice might be done to one 
working for a salary or for wages. 

It would seem very strange to us, would it not, to pay 
for a horse, not so many dollars, but so many hundred 




PROPRIETARY COINS 
From photographs of the originals in possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

pounds of tobacco? Yet that is just what the colonists 
did. And everything was paid for in the same way. 
One reason tobacco was so used was because there was so 
little gold and silver money in the colony. This does not 
mean that the colonists were poor. A man may have 
clothing, food, a good house, books, pictures and the 
comforts of life, and at -the same time have but little 
money. So it was in Maryland. 

Lord Baltimore had the right to coin money, and at one 

no 



A VISIT TO ANNAPOLIS 

time he sent out a supply of shillings, sixpences and groats, 
taking tobacco in exchange. But the people found it 
convenient to pay their taxes with this money, and so it 
found its way back again to Lord Baltimore. 

Many laws were passed to make people grow less 
tobacco, but with little good result. As the western part 
of the State was opened up, however, more corn, wheat and 
grain was grown, and the evil gradually remedied itself. 

On a bright fall 
morning, more than a 
hundred years ago, a 
little boy was watch- 
ing a ship being 
loaded with some of 
this tobacco. His 
name was Carroll 
Paca. He lived in a 
large brick manor 
house on a place called Evelinton in St. Mary's County. 
It was near the Patuxent river. 

He knew the ship was lying at his father's landing, or 
wharf, down at the river. So he had gotten up early, 
before his father and mother were astir, to watch the men 
at work. The negro slaves fitted axles and shafts to the 
large hogsheads full of tobacco. Then, singing and 
shouting, they rolled the hogsheads down a rough narrow 
'^rolling road," as it was called, to the water-side. 

Carroll watched them at work until he began to feel 




TOBACCO HOGSHEAD, READY FOR ROLLING 



III 



MARYLAND 

hungry. Then he made his way back to the house and 
into the kitchen. At the end of the kitchen was a great 
brick fire-place. Here a big wood fire was burning and 
breakfast was cooking. 

Across the kitchen fire-place stretched a bar of wood or 




COLONIAL CHAIR AND LOW BOY 



iron, from which hung chains and pot-hooks of various 
lengths, holding big and little pots of iron or brass. 
The things Carroll saw did not look like the ones we 
use now. Kettles, gridirons, and skillets had long legs 
to keep them from sinking too deep in the hot coals. 
Toasting-forks, waffle-irons and such implements had 

112 



A VISIT TO AN,NAPOLIS 

long handles so that the cook might not be too near the 
blazing heat. 

A clean old colored woman, a slave, was just taking her 
bread out of the oven. It was not an oven like ours, 
though. This oven was built of brick, and was a sort of 
little fireplace built alongside of the great one. It was 
filled with wood which burned until the bricks were thor- 
oughly heated. Then the ashes were raked out and the 
bread put in. 

Carroll hurried to the dining room where his father and 
mother and sisters were just sitting down to breakfast. 
There was some fine old oak and mahogany furniture in 
the room. It had all been brought from England. No 
furniture was made in the colony except some rough 
stools and tables that poor people used. 

On the sideboard were some silver tankards, and Mrs. 
Paca had also silver salt cellars, candlesticks and spoons. 
But Carroll was not thinking of these things. He was 
more interested in the good things to eat in his pewter 
plate and porringer on the table. 

Most of his mother's dishes were made of pewter, 
though she had some glass and china. Poor people had 
very little pewter even. They used wooden spoons and 
flat wooden bowls called trenchers. 

Both rich and poor had plenty of food to put in their 
dishes. Indian corn gave them corn-pone, hoe-cake and 
hominy. The forests were full of game, and the rivers 
and Bay were full of fish. Deer, bears, wild turkeys and 

113 



MARYLAND 

water-fowl abounded. Flocks of ducks a mile wide and 
seven miles long floated on the waters of the Chesapeake. 
We do not hear of the early settlers eating either crabs or 
terrapin^ and some of them grumbled because they had 
to eat oysters at a time when their supply of corn gave 
out. 

Their drinks were cider, apple-jack and peach brandy, 
besides the rum and wines and tea which they imported. 

They were heavy 



Kr-, 



ii 




A SCHOOL-BOY S TRUNK 



drinkers, but so were 
all Englishmen in 
those days. 

Carroll had expected 
to go to Annapolis with 
his father that day, 
but the trip had to be 
put off. Mr. Paca had 
a visitor from England 
staying with him, and the two gentlemen were going 
to a fox hunt in Prince George's County. If the run 
should be long they would not come home at night. 
They would stay at the house of another planter, and ride 
home in the morning. 

The planters were all the time visiting and entertaining 
each other. They were open handed and hospitable. 
Even an inn-keeper had to notify his guests that he 
intended to charge them for what he served, otherwise he 
could not collect his bill. 



114 



A VISIT TO ANNAPOLIS 

So Carroll and his two sisters went to their lessons 
instead of to Annapolis. Their tutor was an English 
schoolmaster who had come over as a redemptioner. Mr. 
Paca had a small library. Most of the planters had none. 
The children learned to read from their fathers' books. 

Learning lessons was not as easy in those days as it is 
now. The books were hard to understand, and had no 
pretty pictures to make them interesting. Judge Taney, 
when a boy, learned to read from Dillworth's Spelling 
Book and the Bible, the only books his teacher had. And 
the children were punished very, very often. There could 
not possibly be a school-room in those days without a 
bunch of switches or a good hard ruler. No doubt yon 
can all guess how they were used. 

To show you how much easier it is to learn now, let 
me tell you about one little boy. His mother taught him 
to read out of the Bible. She would sit in her chair, the 
Bible in her lap. The little boy stood up before her. Of 
course the book was turned the WTong way for him. But 
he learned to read that way. And all his life he could hold 
a book upside down and read it just as well as if it were 
turned the right way before him. 

But what has become of Carroll and his sisters all this 
while? They finished their lessons, and the girls went to 
their mother. They had to learn from her how to sew 
and to knit, to weave and to spin, and to keep house. 
Carroll went out to watch the men at work. He had to 
learn how to manage a plantation. 

115 



MARYLAND 

That night their father came home and promised that 
the next day they should go to AnnapoHs. So they took 
their candles off the table in the great hall and went 
off happily to bed. Their candles were made from 

^^candle-berries" or 
bay-berries. 

You would wonder at 
the clothes they took 
off on going to bed. In 
those days even little 
boys and girls dressed 
like the grown folks. 
The boys wore open 
coats, with long tails 
reaching to the knees. 
Underneath the coat 
was a very long waist- 
coat, buttoned high up. 
At the neck and wTists 
were ruffles of linen or 
lace. They wore knee 
breeches, silk or cotton 
stockings, and low shoes with buckles. Some of the boys 
even had their heads shaved and wore wigs. 

The little girls' dresses were low-necked and short- 
sleeved. They wore high-heeled shoes. But what strikes 
us most of all about their dress are the stays, or corsets. 
These were made of strips of board and steel held together 




BOY IN COLONIAL CLOTHING 



ii6 



BJ-epi 



a fuch at their 
vuh Workmen 
fon Yard. 
, , in Anfwcr 
«wo o/ (heir 
rpofe. 

Upper Hour*", 
7i/. ?f. Sier- 
I. Levin Ga/e, 
1 of pay.ng it 

W35 brought 
leir A/Tent to 

brought from 

ouf: lafi ] 

per Hog 
a Negative : 

Ul<ntjancei oA 
; wi(h fomc 

-owcf Houfe 

ppcr Houfe, 
f Weft Ineia 
)i-d rcturn'd 
the Duly on 
o rfffray the 
It vf which, 
mes tre paid 
aval OfRcers 
Sogftiead on 

out of the 

e'e» ou^h 



•*dlf, »nd they verit w uke Waurc 

' Tu-^fday laft we l^d iere a very hW Thunclef 
Guft, ...ended »Kb » heavy Rain, when th. iX 

d^m ged K in feveral Place? ' ' ^ 




ByPeMon ofhh Honour the 

PRESIDBN7\ 
^T the New THEATRF 



n>r ■•--"'"-/""J, Dy inei.nmpany ( 



Initan: .J';. 



<:«'«» ought 
0''/hit)g that 

'iigh> down 
>o i with a 
'*"€«» mm 
fi»ke cf the 
<hc Jjur. 
i h bick, 
«■ together 
n due fiare 
ifed ia the 



.The BUSY BODY. 

Likewife'"«*F A R C E, call'd 

The LYING VALET. 

Tebcgfa precifeU-at j oXinck 
Tickeu t> be h»S « th^ P.iJif, Sc^. 
No Pwfons to be ^idmittcU berJnd the Sceae». 

their Rtfu.ution of going to C^^;^r MarlhrousK » 
foon as ever Encotirigtmen. fVi;, here. '^ 1 



i>.ngi^!.f^;S.,'S;';r^™^--**^i 

- - - Samuel JFio'warM, 

^HAT the Subfcribcrmre^; 

City of ^„«,^,/^ here al! Pe.io.swnav b?j 
vedinnidkingof Sieves, Sctce-,. Safe I^ 

ctJa' .\«TaWcs wi-h Filhgrcin Work. T 
Self) tf" ^^^'"'^'^"=' B^kgammoanbiJ 

fine HolrardT'^ Copper U-enfil,. CucJery W, 
e ^^r^. « JV".'.^"'''' ^^"'^^ Silver mo 
e-^^ Swcra... and Gold and Steel wrought mou. 

James Jollj 



15, rV;/r/,/. 

re tcfii te 



TjWembvr> 
ly. 

CCUAt Wftt 



Juft Imported- in the Ship Try ton 

Copt l hom.. AW. from London. *W tc be 

6MbeHoglhe«d T««fce, B.rreJ, or fm.l-er Quao- 

Sugar by t/.e B..rtl 0, fn-aler Q.aruu>', CoffS 
ChocoUte, ej/c. at mU,abI« R.tcT. ''' ^ 

JamsMaecuhUn. 



■ 7ft// Imported jrem London, 

A //r i^,> Try.ot». G.// Thomas Aficsw, A /|, 
• *l'''/«r. «,;/ u it ^U el hU !>t0rtin Anaa- 

A '^ O R T A B t E Parcel of £tf. 

o C'^^! *'" -^"^ /•^'« Goodt. at reafonabJc 
R4.«. t., WLo c *lj and Retale. AJfo a f>rublc Par' 






^.Uog I..nr.. U,d J.i-, 



r.nr. Lt«d J i.e. l>eep Sea IJne.T Sewkg 
^0 ' H { t 1 H;nc, uxum. Conira<rc<. G!jff«* 



I> A N away, from the Subfcrit 

«- m ^««flM"/,- on the i4fh of ?«« Isf 

Weft of ^'"/ T;' f-^-ZJ'^-A fcorn ia 
Weftof£«fW, fpeaksbfoad, is a well fct" 
low 3bout s Feet,7 Inche, high, has (hmVl 
whJ,' ?^ ^ P'*^'^ ^^"'^ Compfexioh: He ha, 
di»?£lLr''^'''l>' '^^''^ ^''"^^ Co-ton iac 
dmy Leather Bretches, an Ofnabrig, ShirtAl 
f«l Hat: As h. bad an old Bear&irciit 

w po&ble he tcay change his Dref.. " 

liO£» Reward, btfiiea what the Uw alJoJ?- 

fv. If He fometitre* wan attoe Jacket 
»«h whjte Cotton. j«"«i. 



DAN away on Tuefday\i^c?r 
" ha, aboae 3 o' Clock, frorij the Briwi 
C4-y««», lytng (a S»Hti River, 7^, A, 
^oa>m*Bder. a Sailer named Da-vUSpnti «' 
float yo««| Fellow, about sj Y«r» ofAge" 
^5f«W: He took witb him the Ship* % 
^lijttt Kee'. with her Maft. fouTc^ 

'ow. ctwly fcraped. and a frtih Tarpcutuar 



THE MARYLAND GAZETTE OF JULY 2, 1752, SHOWING FIRST THEATRE PLAY-BJLL 
From photograph of the original in possession of the Maryland Historical Society 



MARYLAND 

by heavy canvas. It must have hurt dreadfully to wear 
them. The girls' hair was drawn up over a great roll or 
puff that made their heads ^'itch & ach & burn like any- 
thing," so one little girl wrote. 

But we shall never get to Annapolis at this rate. The 




THE CHASE HOME, ANNAPOLIS 

next morning was bright and clear. A strong breeze 
blew from the southwest. So Mr. Paca decided to make 
the journey by water. They could have gone by land on 
horseback, but that would have been long and tiresome. 
They started off very early in the morning in a pungy, and 
did not reach Annapolis until late at night. 

ii8 



A VISIT TO ANNAPOLIS 



Many of you have taken the same sail, but not in a httle 
open sail-boat. You would go in a big steamer in a few 
hours. It took Carroll and his sisters five or six times as 
long. It might have taken days if the wind had failed. 
But they did not 
grow tired. How 
could one grow 
tired sailing up 
the beautiful 
Chesapeake and 
thinking of all the 
sights in the great 
town of Annapo- 
lis? 

It was dark 
night when they 
landed. They 

walked to the 

house of Mr. 

Samuel Chase 

whom they were 

to visit. The 

town was not 

quiet. Everyone 

seemed to be excited. Groups of men were talking on 

the streets and in the coffee-houses. 

Carroll asked his father what it was all about. Mr. 

Paca told him that everyone was talking of the new Stamp 




WIFE AND DAUGHTERS OF JUDGE SAMUEL CHASE 

From a painting in the possession of the Maryland 
Historical Society 



119 



MARYLAND 

Act. Carroll did not understand what that meant. But 
he was soon to find out. Do you know what the Stamp 
Act was, and why everyone was excited? The next story 
after this will tell us all about it. 

As they walked along Mr. Paca pointed out to the 
children the play-house or theatre. Presently as they 
turned a corner they came to a large building full of lights. 
Music sounded from it, and before the door were coaches 
and Sedan chairs. Gentlemen and ladies were passing 
from them into the hall. One of the ladies stopped Mr. 
Paca to say how glad she was to see him. 

This was Mrs. Carroll, the wife of Charles Carroll who 
was our Carroll's godfather. She was dressed in a quilted 
satin petticoat with a silk overskirt. Her hair was piled 
high on her head and powdered. She told the little girls 
it was a ball given by the Governor to which she was 
going. 

At length they reached Mr. Chase's house. They were 
full of all they had seen but oh, so tired. Mr. Chase and 
Mr. Paca sat down to talk about the Stamp Act until late 
at night, while Mrs. Chase took the three sleepy little 
children up to bed. 



120 



XL 

THE BURNING OF THE PEGGY STF:WART. 

THE first thing Carroll said to his father next morn- 
ing was, ^'Father, what is the Stamp Act?" 
'^ Will you tell him, Mr. Chase?" said Mr. Paca. 
^' You know, better than I or any one in the colony. 
Tell the boy so that he will understand and always 
remember it." 

'^ And we will listen, too," said Mrs. Chase and the two 
little girls. 

So Mr. Chase began : 

'' We are Englishmen and we call. England our Mother 
Country, but she is not a just mother to us, or a kind 
mother. She rules us to please herself, and not for our 
good. She did us wrong some years ago when she passed 
the Navigation Act." 

'' What is that, Mr. Chase?" asked Carroll. 

" You know, my boy, that your father and the other 
planters grow a great deal of tobacco. They used to sell 
most of it to the Dutch for a good price. But Parliament 
passed a law which said that all goods sent to the colonies 
or from them must go in English-built ships manned by 
British seamen. That was the Navigation Act." 

''But what harm does that do, Mr. Chase?" 

" Why, the planters have to sell all their tobacco in 
England. It has become so plentiful there that the price 

121 



MARYLAND 

is very low. Besides, the English merchants charge us 
more for the goods they bring us than the Dutch did. 
Many of the planters have been almost ruined." 
'^ That is not all," continued Mr. Chase. 
^' King George and Parliament are taxing us. Every- 
thing that is brought into the colony has to pay a tax to 
the King. We ought to pay taxes, and we are willing to 
pay taxes for our government. But we have a right to 
say what kinds of taxes we will pay 
and how great the taxes shall be." 

^'I, for one, am beginning to hate 
our Mother Country. Maryland is 
strong enough to take care of herself. 
And we will tell King George that if 
he does not treat us fairly we will 
have nothing to do with him." 

'^ And now what has England done? 
She has passed this Stamp Act. We 
have to buy stamps to put on all sorts of documents. 
I am a lawyer and none of my papers are legal unless 
they have a stamp on them. Even our newspaper has to 
have a stamp. 

''We do not object to these taxes because they are 
stamp taxes. We object to the taxes because England 
uses the money for herself and not for us. Above all we 
object because we have no voice in saying what the taxes 
shall be." 

'' My boy, your father and I are going to fight against 




BRITISH TAX STAMP 



122 



BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART 

these unjust taxes. And if we do not win the fight, I want 
you to take it up when you are a man." 

''I promise you I will, Mr. Chase," said Carroll. 

The whole country cried out against the injustice. 
In Maryland the people would not even permit the stamps 




TilE STEWART IIOU3E AT ANNAPOLIS 



to be brought on shore from the vessel in which they 
came, but shipped them back in another vessel. 

The agent to sell the stamps in Maryland was named 
Zachariah Hood. He was a Marylander, too. The 
people drove him out of the colony. They would have 
none of him or his stamps either. 

123 



MARYLAND 



The opposition in all the colonies was so strong that 
Parliament had to repeal the Stamp Act. But it would 
not give up the right to tax the colonies. New duties 




THE BURNING 
From the mural painting by C 

were laid on tea and many other articles. But the 
colonies refused to pay these taxes also. 

The colonists formed Non-importation Societies, and 
agreed not to use any of the articles on which taxes were 

124 



BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART 

laid. They stopped drinking tea. Ladies and gentlemen 
wore homespun clothes instead of the velvets and silks 
they were used to. Not all of the colonies kept this 




PEGGY STEWART 

in the Court House at Baltimore 



Copyright 1905, by Edward B. Passano 



agreement, but Maryland did up to the very time when 
the Revolutionary War broke out. 

The people of Maryland grew more and more angry 
at the treatment they received. They had before taken 

125 



MARYLAND 

as their motto, ''No taxation without representation," 
but now they began to cry ''Liberty or Death" instead. 

They not only talked but they acted. They wanted 
King George to understand that they would fight and die 
rather than give up their liberty. 

Nine years later Carroll Paca, grown to be a man, was 
again in Annapolis. And he found the people even more 
excited than they had been before. England had taken 
off all the taxes but the one on tea. But the people were 
so angry by that time that they would not pay any taxes 
at all. It was not any one tax they were fighting, but ihe 
principle of "taxation without representation." 

A brig, named the Peggy Stewart, had sailed into 
Annapolis with a cargo of tea. A firm of merchants, 
Williams and Company, tried to land the tea. The owner 
of the vessel, Anthony Stewart, paid the tax. What 
made this worse was that he belonged to the Non-importa- 
tion Society. 

When Carroll went out that day he saw a crowd of men 
marching down the street. He went with them. They 
were going to Mr. Stew^art's house to tar and feather him. 
But some gentlemen met them and told them of a better 
way to act. They compelled Mr. Stewart and the owners 
of the tea to sign a paper saying that they had insulted 
the people of Maryland and promising never to do so again. 

Still the people were not satisfied. The hateful tea 
was still there and the ship that brought it over. The 
people made up their minds to get rid of both. 

126 






BURNING OF THE PEGGY STEWART 

In what are now Howard and Montgomery Counties was 
a band of patriots called the Whig Club. They took the 
matter in hand. Headed by their president, Charles Alex- 
ander Warfield, they mounts. d their horses and rode down 
to Annapolis. On their hats they wore the words, '^ Liberty 
or Death." When they came to the house of Mr. Stewart, 
Major Warfield called him 
out and said, ^'You must 
either go with me and apply 
the torch to your own vessel, 
or hang before your own 
door." 

Mr. Stewart went with 
them, and on October 19, 
1774, only four days after her 
arrival, the Peggy Stewart 
with her cargo of tea was 
burned to the water's edge. 
She was run aground on 
Wind Mill Point, and Mr. 
Stewart himself set fire to her. 

The people of the town watched her burn. Carroll was 
there and saw it all. He knew now what it meant. It 
meant that King George had his warning from Maryland. 
The Marylanders would have liberty, liberty at any cost. 
And as he saw the Peggy Stewart burning, he took off his 
hat and cheered. And how everyone cheered the men 
of the Whig Club as they rode homeward out of the city! 




CHARLES ALEXANDER WARFIELD 



127 



MARYLAND 

This was Maryland's ''tea party." In some of the 
other colonies cargoes of tea had been destroyed, but 
those who destroyed them hid their faces and went dis- 
guised as Indians. In Maryland the men went openly 
in broad daylight, without any disguise. They felt that 
they were doing right, and were ready to take all the 
consequences of their acts. 

In seventeen hundred and seventy-four 

The Peggy Stewart came 
With a cargo of tea from over the sea. 

And a tax in King George's name. 

But the Maryland men had sternly said, 

"We'll pay no tax, indeed. 
On silk or brocade, or anything made. 

So let King George take heed." 

The farmers rode down in the light of day 

To the town by the Severn's side, 
And they summoned the knave, who had tried to brave 

The people's decree, and hide. 

To come forthwith to Wind Mill Point, 

To come with his torch alight, 
To confess the blame, and to burn the shame 

Of his deed, in all men's sight. 

So the Peggy was burned to the water's edge. 

Ah, that was a sight to see! 
And the sturdy men rode home again, 

Singing, " Death or Liberty.' 



128 



XII 

PATRIOT AND TORY 

HAVE you ever heard the story of the two knights 
who were riding through a forest? They came to 
a place where a shield was hanging on a tree. 
The knight on the right said, '' That is a fine black shield." 
''It is a fine shield/' said the one on the left, ''but it is 
white." They argued about it until they grew angry, and 
then they fought. 

After a while they stopped to rest, and it happened that 
the first knight was now on the left side. He looked up 
and saw a white shield. The second knight was now on 
the right, and he saw a black shield. What did it mean? 
They rode up to the shield and found it was white on one 
side and black on the other. So it is that there are two 
sides to every question. 

There were two sides to the American Revolution. 
There was the side of England and the side of the colonies. 
Not everyone in England thought that the colonies were 
in the wrong. Many persons there thought that the 
Americans were right in fighting against unjust taxes, 
and they blamed King George for trying to force the 
colonists to pay these taxes. 

Not many persons in America thought the King was in 
the right in trying to tax the colonies as he did. But 

129 



MARYLAND 



when the colonies began to talk of independence, to say 
they would no longer be colonies of England but would be 
independent states, then many Americans thought the 
colonies were very wrong. 

Persons in America who were on the side of the colonies 
and who wanted independence were called Patriots. 

Those who were on the side 
of England were called 
Tories. Daniel Dulany was 
the best known Tory in 
Maryland. Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton was one of the 
foremost patriots. 

These two men wrote a 
great many letters to the 
Maryland Gazette, the 
Annapolis newspaper of 
those days. In these let- 
ters they argued with each 
other about the question of 
England and the colonies 
and independence. Daniel Dulany signed his letters 
''Antilon." Charles Carroll called himself the ''First 
Citizen." They did not come to blows like the two 
knights, but they called each other some hard names. 
Everyone in Maryland read the letters, and most per- 
sons thought that Charles Carroll had the better in the 
argument. 




DANIEL DULANY 

From an engraving owned by Mrs. Southgate 

Lemmon 



130 



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MARYLAND 



You must not forget that the people in Maryland at 
that time were Englishmen. They had friends and rela- 
tions in England and loved the Mother Country for many 
reasons. They did not want to break loose from her if 

they could possibly help 
it. But a time came at 
last when they could not 
help it. 

That time was the year 
1776. King George would 
not listen to argument or 
reason. So the American 
colonies said, '' We will be 
free and independent 
States from this time 
forth." They knew King 
George would send his 
armies over, and that 
they must fight. But 
they were ready for this, 
and their motto was 
^'Liberty or Death." 
Two men especially worked for the independence of 
Maryland. They were Charles Carroll of Carrollton and 
Samuel Chase. They told the people of Maryland that 
there was no use in talking any longer. Now they must 
act. Now they must fight. 

Before war began a member of Parliament wrote to 




SAMUEL CHASE 
From, a painting in the State House at Annapolis 



132 



PATRIOT AND TORY 



Mr. Carroll and ridiculed the idea of the colonies going to 
war. ''Six thousand English troops," said he, ''would 
march from one end of the continent to the other." "So 
they might," replied 
Charles Carroll, "but 
they will be masters of 
the spot only on which 
they encamp. They will 
find naught but enemies 
before them. If we are 
beaten in the plains, we 
will retreat to the moun- 
tains and defy them." 

At length Maryland 
and the other colonies 
agreed to free themselves 
from King George's 
rule, and the Declara- 
tion of Independence 
was signed. The four 
signers from Maryland 
were Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton, Samuel 
Chase, William Paca and 
Thomas Stone. 

Charles Carroll was one of the wealthiest men in 
America. If England should win in the fight he knew 
he would be called a rebel, and would lose all his wealth. 





1 


1 

1 




n 





WILLIAM PACA 

From a painting in the State House at Annapolis 



33 



MARYLAND 



But he did not hold back on that account. He was one 

of the earliest signers of the Declaration of Independence. 

As he signed his name a bystander said, ''There go a 

few millions/' and added, ''However, there are many 

Carrolls and the British 
will not know which one 
it is." Charles Carroll at 
once added to his name 
"of Carrollton," so that 
there might be no mis- 
take. That is why he 
has been known ever 
since as Charles Carroll 
of Carrollton. And it 
seems to me that is a 
nobler title than earl, or 
duke, or prince. 

Charles Carroll filled 
many public offices of 
honor and trust. He 
lived to the age of 
ninety-six years and was 
the last of the signers of 
the Declaration of Independence to survive. His society 
was charming, his manners were courtly and captivating, 
and his hospitality was proverbial. He was well edu- 
cated, and had a broad and cultivated mind. 

The Tories in Maryland did not live a very quiet life 




THOMAS STONE 
From a painting in the State House at Annapolis 



134 



PATRIOT AND TORY 



after the colony became independent. Many times and 
in many ways they tried to aid England. And even those 
who did not try to aid the Mother Country were suspected 
of doing so. 

There was an English gentleman, named John F. D. 
Smyth, who had made his 
home in Virginia. He 
lived for some years in 
Maryland and often trav- 
eled through the State. 
He was a staunch Tory, 
and had much trouble 
with the Maryland 
patriots. He visited 
Baltimore during the 
Revolution. While he 
was there his servant was 
tarred and feathered, and 
treated so roughly by a 
mob that he died. Mr. 
Smyth had the ring- 
leaders arrested, but the 
mob took them from 
prison next day. He was afraid for his own safety. He 
left his horses at the inn, and hurried on board a small 
vessel which he had hired to take him to his home in 
Virginia, 
i The vessel started, but was becalmed within sight of 




CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON 
From a pairding in the State House at Ajmapolis 



135 



MARYLAND 

Baltimore. Mr. Smyth was in fear of every boat that put 
out from the town, thinking it was coming after him. At 
length he had himself put ashore just above the town, 
and from there he walked all the way, one hundred and 
ten miles, to his Virginia estate. All the time he was 
dangerously ill. At times he could hardly walk, but at 
length he got home in safety. 

He had many other troubles with the Maryland patriots. 
At one time he was trying to escape to the British and 
was arrested in the western part of the State. He was 
taken to Frederick for trial and was brought before 
Samuel Chase and John Hanson. He had no respect for 
either of them, and calls Samuel Chase '' one of the most 
illiberal, inveterate, and violent rebels." 

Mr. Smyth suffered many hardships. In trying to 
escape, at one time, a guide whom he had hired deserted 
him. He wandered through the forests in winter starving 
and frozen. But at length he made his escape to the 
British army and lived to write an account of his travels 
in America. His book, ^'A Tour in the United States of 
America," you will enjoy reading when you are older. 



136 



XIII 

SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

THESE are not real letters and Carroll Paca is not a 
real person. But what the letters tell is all true. 
And many a real Marylander went bravely 
through the Revolutionary War and truly saw all that 
our make-believe Carroll writes about. 

Brooklyn Heights, August 23, 1776. 
My Dear Sister: 

I am beginning to write to you as I promised, but I 
don't know when or how I shall send you this letter, i 
can't promise to write every single thing that happens to 
me because I am kept very busy. I have to drill my men, 
and even have to learn to be a soldier myself. None of 
us have ever been real soldiers before, although some of 
us have fought against the Indians. 

We are here, across the river from New York, looking 
for a battle at any time. This very moment word is 
brought that we are sent to hold the outposts. Our 
regiment is joined to Lord Stirling's brigade. Our Col- 
onel, William Smallwood, is not with us, and so, if we 
have a fight, Major Mordecai Gist will command us. 

137 



MARYLAND 



I am glad of that. They are both good, brave officers, 
but we all like Major Gist the better. He is from Balti- 
more. He is a tall, fine looking man, and very strong. 
Goodbye, then. I must get ready to march. 

August 31. 

Here I am in New York, safe and sound, after a bloody 
fight. General Washington brought us safely over from 

Brooklyn Heights after the 
battle on Long Island. I 
can't tell you all about the 
battle, but I will tell you 
what happened to us Mary- 
landers. 

It was four days ago. We 
had been fighting hard but 
our division had to retreat. 
There were some marshes 
behind us, and if we were 
caught there the enemy 
would have us at their 
mercy. So four hundred of 
us were sent, with Major 
enemy in check while the rest 




WILLIAM SMALLWOOD 

From a painting in fhe possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



Gist, to hold the 
retreated. 

The enemy were five to our one, and muskets and 
cannon were firing at us from all sides. But we stood 
firm and faced the enemy. It was dreadful to see the 

138 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

men falling all around mc. But as fast as one man fell 
another stepped into his place. 




OPERATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF NEW YORK CITY 

We flung ourselves upon the enemy and tried to drive 
them back. We could not do that, but at least we held 



139 




MARYLAND 

them in check until our army was safe. Two hundred 

and fifty of us were killed 
or taken prisoners. But 
General Washington praised 
our bravery and said we 
saved his army. 

Poor John Bealle had his 
arm shot off and is going 
home. So I will send this 
letter by him. Tell Father 
to take care of him until he 
is able to work. He fought 
like a man, and says he is 
willing to give his arm for 
Maryland's liberty. 

I must end this in haste. 

Give my love to all. I don't know where I shall be when 

I write you next. 

Your affectionate brother, 

Carroll. 

July 10, 1780. 
Dear Sister Mary: 

We are here in South Carolina, and are having a pretty 
hard time. Since I saw you as we marched through 
Maryland, I don't believe we have had a ''good, square 
meal." We lack arms, we lack tents, we lack food, we 
lack medicine, we lack everything. 



MORDECAI GIST 

From a painting in the possessioii of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



140 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

The only things we have are our good spirits and our 
good commanders. Baron de Kalb and Colonel Otho H. 
Williams are both fine, brave officers. They cheer us up 
and keep us in 
good order. But 
General Gates, 
who is in com- 
mand of our 
whole army, no 
one likes. 

Against the 
advice of the 
officers he has 
ordered us to 
march to Cam- 
den. Our men 
are sick and 
hungry. They 
had no bread and 
so they ate some 
green peaches. 
Some of them 
thickened their 
watery soup with 
hair powder. Luckily we found a little cornmeal yester- 
day and had some real food. 

Let me tell you something about Colonel Williams 
He is a tall, handsome, fine-looking man. 




MONUMENT TO MAR1:LANDS FOUR HUNDRED, 
PROSPECT PARK, BROOKmN 



141 



MARYLAND 



At the beginning of the war he went to Boston as heu- 
tenant of a company of Frederick riflemen. He was soon 
promoted to the command of the company. A little 
later he was made major of a regiment formed from several 
companies of riflemen. He, with his regiment, was taken 
prisoner at the capture of Fort Washington on the Hudson, 

and was not discharged 
till after fifteen months. 
He was treated with 
great cruelty while a pris- 
oner. For seven or eight 
months he was confined 
in a filthy, small, unven- 
tilated room. His food 
was hardly fit to eat and 
there was barely enough 
of it to keep him alive. 
A rope was put around 
his neck, and, seated on 
a coffin, he was ridden 
through the streets of 
New York to a gallows. 
But he was not hanged. The British did it only to 
frighten him. He says his health is bad even now from 
the cruel treatment and bad food. 

August 25. 
It is more than a month since I began this letter. We 
have fought the battle of Camden and I am still alive. 

142 




OTHO H. WILLIAMS 

From a painting in the possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 



General Gates tried to surprise the British camp, and it 
seems that Cornwallis at the same time was trying to sur- 




f T. OBANBY O 

SOUTH 



OPERATIONS IN THE CAROLINAS 



prise ours. At midnight we met each other half-way 
between the camps. We skirmished for a little while and 
then waited for morning. 

143 



MARYLAND 

The next day the battle came. We Marylanders were 
on the right. The Virginia and North Carolina troops 

were on the left. The 
British came at us, 
firing and shouting. 
The Virginia and 
North Carolina men 
were militia, not 
regular troops. They 
were so frightened 
that they threw down 
their guns and ran 
away. But some of 
the North Carolina 
men fired two or three 
rounds. 

This left eight 
hundred of us Mary- 
landers and a Dela- 
ware battalion 
against three times 
as many of the 
British. Baron de 
Kalb wanted to re- 
treat, it was the only 
wise thing to do. 
But he had no orders, and so could not leave his post. 
There was no one to give him orders. Would you believe 




DE KALB MONUMENT, STATE HOUSE GROUNDS, 
AT ANNAPOLIS 



144 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

it? General Gates had fled. Or else, so some of the men 
say, he was carried away in the rush of soldiers. 

We stood firm and even began to drive the enemy back. 
But at length they charged us with both foot and horse 
and we had to fall back. Six hundred Maryland men 
were killed. Baron de Kalb was wounded in eleven places 
and was taken prisoner. He died six days ago. There 
is a brave officer lost to us. 

I don't know where we are going next. But I hope 
they will send us another general in place of Gates. 

I have a chance to send j^ou this by a soldier going 
home. I am so thin and sunburnt and ragged you 
w^oulcln't know me. When will this war be over, so that 
we can come home? But not until we are free and 
independent. 

Ever your affectionate brother, 

Carroll. 

P. S. — T forgot to tell you that I have been made a 
captain. 

March 25, 178L 
Dear Little Sister: 

I cannot tell you all that has happened since I last 
wrote you. I hardly have time to write at all. I was 
wounded in the leg at the battle of Guilford and must rest 
a few^ days. So I have time to tell you something about 
the fighting we have had. 

We have fought two great battles, not counting the 

H5 



MARYLAND 



little ones. One was at the Cowpens last January. The 
other was ten days ago at Guilford. In both of them we 
Marylanders took a brave part. I am not boasting, for 
everyone praises us. 

Colonel John Eager Howard won the day at the Cowpens. 
Through a mistake in orders his men began to retire to- 
wards a hill behind them. 
But they went in such good 
order that Colonel Howard 
did not stop them until they 
were again in a good posi- 
tion. 

The British thought we 
were retreating and came 
rushing on in disorder. 
Colonel Howard let them 
come almost up to him. 
Then he ordered his men to 
face about and fire. Before 
the enemy knew what had 
happened, Colonel Howard 
and his men charged at them with their bayonets. The 
British soldiers threw down their guns and ran, but we 
captured a great many of them. Colonel Howard at one 
time had in his hands the swords of seven officers who 
had surrendered to him. 

Colonel Howard is one of the bravest officers in the 
army. His men will follow him anywhere. General 

146 




JOHN EAGER HOWARD 

From a painting in the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

Greene says, '^ He deserves a statue of gold, no less than 
the Roman and Grecian heroes." His bayonet charges 
are the wonder of the army. It was one of them that 
won the day at Guilford. I was in that charge myself. 
I knocked down a British soldier with my sword, and to 
pay me back he stuck his bayonet into my leg. Then 
Jack Darnal shot him. 

Colonel Howard was wounded, too. He is going home 
on furlough, and will take this letter for me. I wish I 
could come, too. But my leg will soon be well and I 
must stay to fight. AVe are all in good spirits, and believe 
this war will soon be over. 

I have had enough of fighting. You hear only of the 
bright side, but I see the poor soldiers bleeding and 
suffering from their wounds. It is death, and wounds, 
and hardship, and suffering. But our cause is just. 
Perhaps it will be over soon and I shall be home with you. 
Goodbye and my love to all at home. 
Your brother, 

Carroll. 

October 1, 1781. 
Dear Little Sister: 

It is almost over down here. We have beaten the 
enemy time after time. We have driven them out almost 
everywhere. They surely cannot hold out much longer. 
About a month ago we fought them at Eutaw. Colonel 
Williams and Colonel Howard decided the battle for us. 

147 




STATUE OF JOHN EAGER HOWARD, WASHINGTON PLACE, BALTIMORE 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

Our lines were being driven back when General Greene 
gave the order, ^'Let Williams advance and sweep the 
field with his bayonets!" Williams and Howard charged. 
They charged and fired and charged and fired again. 
What brave men these two are! General Greene says of 
Colonel Williams in this charge that his bravery '^ex- 
ceeded anything I ever saw." 

Colonel Williams is going home on furlough. He is not 
needed here any longer. None of us will be needed much 
longer. Perhaps by the time he gives you this letter I 
shall be on my way home. No more wars for me. I 
want to get back to Evelinton to you all. I want to see 
your faces and the dear old home. I want to go to work 
on the plantation. 

I hear that the British fleet has been sailing up and 
down the Chesapeake burning and plundering. I wonder 
if I shall find the old house burned and empty. Well, 
if it is we can build another after we have driven the 
British away from our land. 

I have many things to tell you, and much work to do. 
We must set to work in earnest to build our country up. 
I have many plans in my head. Surely, before long I 
shall be back in Maryland to carry them out. With love 
to you all, until I can see you myself, 

Ever your affectionate brother, 

Carroll Paca. 



149 



MARYLAND 

This was the last letter Carroll Paca wrote from the 
South. In the same month Cornwallis surrendered to 
Washington at Yorktown. The war was over, and the 




THE MARYLAND REVOLUTIONARY MONUMENT, 
MT. ROYAL PLAZA, BALTIMORE 

Maryland soldiers returned to their homes. Of all the 
thousands who had gone to the war from our State, only 

150 



SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION 

five hundred were left. The others had died for their 
country. 

The Maryland troops were always Washington's 
favorites. He knew he could always trust them to stand 
firm and do their duty. And no soldiers were ever 
braver. Besides, Maryland was always ready to aid 
Washington with troops and supplies. Indeed, she sent 
to the war twice as many soldiers as was her share. 

The five hundred that were left came home weary and 
wounded, without money, and in tatters. But they were 
happy in the gratitude of their State and of the whole 
country. They had lived up to the motto of our State: 
Fatti Maschii, Parole Femine. Theirs had been Manly 
Deeds. 




151 



XIV 

THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

NOWADAYS all of our States are joined together in 
one country. They have formed a union, called 
the United States of America. This union is 
governed by the President and Congress. This is called 
the Federal government. But at the close of the 
Revolution it was not so. Then there were thirteen 
separate States. Each had its own government and its 
own laws. 

These thirteen States had acted together in fighting 
Great Britain, but when the war was over they began to 
drift apart. They were jealous and suspicious of each 
other. The people of the different States could not know 
each other then as well as they do now. There were no 
steam or electric railroads to make a journey from one 
State to another easy and quick, nor were there any 
steamboats. There were no telegraph or telephone lines 
to carry messages from one part of the country to another 
in a few hours or minutes. 

In our days one can travel from Boston or Baltimore to 
New York in five or six hours, in comfortable cars and 
without even leaving his seat. Dozens of passenger 
trains pass by day and by night between the larger cities. 

152 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

Train after train carries freight from inland farms to the 
seaboard, and from the coast towns back to the farms. 
But at the end of the Revolution ''two stage-coaches were 
enough for all the travelers, and nearly all the freight 




STAGE COACH 



besides, that went between" New York and Boston. 
Large and heavy freight went by sea in sailing vessels. 

You and I are going on a journey from Baltimore to 
New York, but we are not going by train. We are 
going by a heavy old stage-coach. We have only one 

^53 



IHIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 



little hair-covered, leather trunk for both of us. There 
is very little room in the coach for baggage, so we take 
only what we cannot do without. Our trunk is stowed 
away in the ^' boot," and we are on the coach ready to 
start. 

Button your overcoat up, and wrap your neck-shawl 

tight around your throat. 
It is very early in the 
morning and the Autumn 
air is cool. ''All ready, 
Joe!" says the coachman. 
The hostlers let go the 
horses' heads, and we 
rattle off over the roughly 
paved streets. Two or 
three ragged little slave 
boys run along beside us 
for a while. We wave 
our hats to Mother and 
Sister who came to see 
us off. Then we turn 
a corner and they are 
out of sight. 

We trot along pretty briskly for a while. But as we 
get farther from Baltimore the roads get worse. It 
rained hard last night and the roads are muddy. Pres- 
ently we come to a place where the mud is up to the 
hubs. The coach stops, stuck fast in a rut. All the men 




TENCH TILGHMAN 
From a miniature 



154 



MARYLAND 

get down. Shoulders to the wheel! Now, all togetherl 
And we lift the wheels out. The horses sweat and blow. 
But a mile further on we shall put in fresh ones. 

Our boots and clothes are covered with mud. We get 




WASHINGTON 

From the mural paintirig, by Ed 

up again, and off we go. But it is very slow going. By 
twelve o'clock we have made only fifteen miles. But at 
any rate we have come to an inn, and can get dinner. 
Hungry? Well, indeed w^e are. W^e sit down in the 
cozy tap-room, hung with red curtains. The landlord, 

156 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

hi,s wife and his daughter bring us ham, and beef, and 
chicken, and vegetables, and puddings. We have a 
bowl of punch, too. Even a little boy like you drinks 
a glass. 




IS COMMISSION 

, in the Court House at Baltimore 

As we are getting into the coach after dinner two 
gentlemen drive up in their own carriage. They are on 
then' way to Annapolis. General Washington is going 
to resign his commission as Commander-in-Chief of the 
American armies, and they want to be present when he 

157 



MARYLAND 

does so. Everybody is very polite to them. They have 
their dinner in a private room, not in the tap-room or 
the kitchen. But some gentlemen have begun to act 
more like common folk. They say, '^ We are all alike 




THOMAS JOHNSON AND HIS FAMILY 

From a painting in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

now that there is no longer a king ruling over us." 

One of these gentlemen who have just driven up is a 
brave Revolutionary officer, and a friend of General 
Washington. He is Colonel Tench Tilghman of Talbot 

158 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

County. Do you know it was he who carried to Congress 
the news of the surrender of Cornwallis. Congress pre- 
sented him with a horse and an elegant sword. But not 
the one he has on. He prizes the one Congress gave him 
too much to wear it. 




STATE HOUSE AT ANNAPOLIS 



The other gentleman is Thomas Johnson. He was the 
first Governor of Maryland after it became independent. 
When he was inaugurated there werfe great goings on at 
Annapolis. A long procession cf officials and distin- 
guished guests marched to the State House. There the 

159 



MARYLAND 

high sheriff proclaimed Thomas Johnson Governor of the 
State of Maryland. After this three volleys were fired 
by the soldiers, who were paraded in front of the State 
House. Then a salute of thirteen cannon shots was fired, 
one for each State of the Union. The company then went 
to the coffee-house where thirteen patriotic toasts were 
drunk. In the evening there was a brilliant ball and 
illumination. 

We go on through the beautiful country of Baltimore 
and Harford Counties. We have forded many small 
streams. We have got down to walk up some steep hills, 
and have lifted the wheels out of the mud more than once. 
As we were crossing one stream two ladies inside the coach 
began to scream. The rains had made the river so deep 
that the water came into the coach. But the inside 
passengers stood up on the seats, and no harm was done. 

It is ten o'clock at night, now, and here we are at the 
inn where we are to sleep. You are pretty tired, aren't 
you? Jolting over rough roads and walking up hills has 
made you hungry, tired and sleepy. We have a good 
supper with another glass of punch, and then to bed. Our 
beds are not very comfortable. The mattress is made of 
straw, and three of us have to sleep in a bed. But we are 
too tired to mind. 

Well, here we are ready to start off again next morning. 
We made thirty miles yesterday, a good day's journey. 
At length we reach the Susquehanna River. The Coach 
cannot ford this stream, of course. We get out and are 

1 60 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

ferried over, passengers and baggage, in boats. On the 
other side we find another coach waiting for us It it 
were winter time the coach might drive over on the thick 
ice. Last spring the floating ice capsized the ferry-boat, 
and five persons were drowned. 

As we get farther from 
Baltimore not only the 
country, but the people 
seem different. They 
dress differently, look 
different and even talk 
differently. Of course 
they talk English, but 
their accent and tone is 
not the same. 

Do you begin to under- 
stand the difference be- 
tween travehng in these 
days and traveling now? 
Of course in the back 
country the roads were 
worse and travehng was 
harder. A famous Mary- 

lander, Roger Brooke Taney, tells us something about 
traveling at the end of the eighteenth century. 

When he was fifteen years of age he went from his home, 
in Calvert County, to school at Dickinson College m 
Pennsylvania. He says that the first part of the journey 

i6i 




ROGER BROOKE TANEY 

From an engravino in the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



MARYLAND 

from his home to the college was made in a schooner. 
It took the schooner one week to go from the Patuxent 
river to Baltimore. From there to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, 
where the college was situated, he traveled by a wagon 
which carried his trunks, but he himself walked a great 
part of the way. 





FIVE MILE STONE, MASON AND DIXON S LINE 
From the original in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

It took SO long for letters to go from his home to Car- 
lisle that he had to carry money enough in his trunks to 
pay his expenses until the next vacation. He says: 
" But, in truth, we were not very anxious [about the safety 
of our money] for a robbery in that day, was hardly to be 
thought of among the hazards of travel." The difficulties 



162 




^y '' iK^' ^ 1SV.AN03 



THE 



WESTERN LAND CLAIMS OF THE SEVERAL STATES 



MARYLAND 



of travel were so great that he went home only twice 
while at college, and ''upon both occasions walked from 
Carlisle to Baltimore with one of my school companions." 
You can see now why it was that the colonies were not 
really united. Communication and traveling were so 

difficult that the people 
in different States could 
not know each other. 
Not knowing each other, 
they could not under- 
stand each other. And 
not understanding, they 
distrusted each other. 

However, the States 
began to come together. 
They adopted the Articles 
of Confederation, which 
made a sort of union 
among them. At least 
twelve of them did. 
Maryland, the thirteenth 
State, would not adopt 
the articles. ''But," you will say, "I thought Maryland 
was patriotic. Why did she refuse?" 

Yes, she was patriotic, and that is just why she refused. 
If you will turn to the map on page l63 you will see 
that half of the thirteen States extended westward to 
the Mississippi River. And you will see that Virginia 

164 




DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS JENIFER 
From an etching 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 



claimed vast tracts of land lying to the northwest. 
In some cases more than one State claimed the same 
lands. In the early times when America was being settled 
but little was known of its geography, and much con- 
fusion arose as to boundaries. Sometimes the same land 
was granted by the 
English sovereign to two 
different persons or com- 
panies. Thus confusion 
and disputes arose, and 
much ill-feeling. 

Maryland claimed no 
western lands, and the 
boundaries of the State, 
except in one small part, 
had been agreed upon. 
The State was not trying 
to get more land for her- 
self. But M a r yl a n d 
knew that during the 
war the soldiers of the 
smaller States had fought 
as bravely as those of the larger. She knew that the 
smaller States had suffered as much as the larger, and had 
been as willing to furnish money, supplies and men. She 
herself had furnished much more than her fair share of 
soldiers, and as to the bravery of her troops there was 
never any question. 

165 




JAMES Mchenry 

From an etching 



MARYLAND 



Therefore, said Maryland, if the thirteen colonies are 
going to form a union, let Virginia and the other States 
claiming western lands give them up. Let those lands 
be held by the central government for the benefit of all. 
Let the western lands be held as common property, and 

from them let new States 
of the Union be formed 
as they become settled 
and as the need arises. 

No other State would 
join Maryland in this 
protest. They all cried 
out against her. It was 
even threatened that 
Maryland should be 
divided among neighbor- 
ing States and her name 
wiped from the map. 
But Maryland knew that 
her demands were just, 
and remained firm. But 
at length she grew afraid 
that her holding back might do harmi to the American 
cause. So she signed the articles in 1781. Then the 
other States saw that Maryland was right, and within 
twenty years all the 'Svestern lands" were ceded to 
the United States. 

Maryland did not " fire the shot heard round the world." 

i66 




DANIEL CARROLL 

From an etching 



THIRTEEN DISTRUSTFUL STATES 

Her service to the cause of independence was quiet and 
faithful. And it is hardly too much to say that without 
the bravery, steadfastness and fidelity of her soldiers 
the independence of the colonies would not have been 
won. And without her firm stand, alone, against the 
'^vestern land" claims, it is doubtful if the lasting union 
which has led to our present great nation could ever 
have been formed. 

This was the beginning of the union of our States. 
Six years later they agreed to become the United States 
that they now are. The Constitution of the United States 
was adopted, and our nation was formed. The men who 
signed the Constitution on the part of Maryland were 
James McHenry, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and Daniel 
Carroll. 




67 



XV 

SAILOR HEROES OF 1812 

IN the story before this we learned how our nation was 
formed. But at the beginning of the nineteenth 
century it was still a young nation. It was growing 
fast in numbers, in strength and in wealth. But it was 
not old, and strong, and rich like the European nations. 
They were grown men. The United States was a strong 
and healthy boy. 

There were two of these ^'men" who were bullying the 
^^boy." England and France, but England especially 
gave the United States much trouble. France and Eng- 
land were hard at it, fighting each other. Their ships and 
men were so busy fighting that they could not carry on 
their trade and commerce. So the American merchants 
built ships and took possession of this commerce. 

As America grew richer and richer England became 
more and more angry. She wanted to destroy the trade 
of the United States. Then, when the war with France 
was over, she could have the commerce of the world again 
herself. 

There were two ways in which England worried the 
United States. British men-of-war captured and de- 
stroyed American merchantmen whenever they could, 

i68 



SAILOR HEROES OF 1812 



But especially England claimed the right to stop American 
ships at sea and to take seamen from them. She pre- 
tended that they were deserters from the British navy. 
Very many times they took sailors who were not British 
subjects at all, but American citizens. 

A British-man-of-war might stop an American ship at 
sea and take away so many 
of her men that the captain 
could hardly sail her into 
port. And besides the sail- 
ors so ''pressed" into the 
British navy were often 
very cruelly treated. Their 
food was bad and they 

were flogged severely. 

Worst of all they were 

made to fight against their 

will, for a country that was 

not their own. 

The United States tried 

by peaceful means to make 

England give up this ''right of search." But England 

would not, and so the War of 1812 began. 

Most of the fighting in this war was done at sea, it was 

a naval war. And by this time the United States had 

many brave and skillful naval officers. More officers of 

the navy came from Maryland than from any other State; 

forty-six out of a total of two hundred and forty. Of 

169 




STEPHEN DECATUR 



MARYLAND 

these, two who distinguished themselves especially were 
John Rodgers and Stephen Decatur. 

Decatur had distinguished himself about ten years 
before in the war with Tripoli. An American frigate, 
the Philadelphia, had run aground in the harbor of 
Tripoli, and was captured. The Americans wanted to 
recapture her, or at least to destroy her so that the Tripol- 

itans might not 
make use of her. 
The American 
commander call- 
ed for volunteers. 
Seventy-four 
men sprang up 
ready to go, and 
Lieutenant De- 
catur was put in 
command of 
them. They put 
off in a small 
boat, and rowed 
with muffled oars to where the Philadelphia was lying. 
They went so quietly that those on board the frigate 
did not hear a sound until the boat was alongside. The 
brave volunteers sprang on board. With sword and 
pistol they drove the Tripolitans overboard into the 
water. Then they set fire to the Philadelphia and rowed 
away. 




THE FLAG-SHIP 'PRESIDENT 



170 



SAILOR HEROES OF 1812 



At a short distance from the burning ship they lay on 
their oars and gave three rousing cheers. Lieutenant 
Decatur was made a captain for his bravery, and Con- 
gress presented him with a sword. 

Decatur was a small man, but he was cool, brave and 
determined. In one engagement he attacked a Tripoli- 
tan officer, a large and powerful man. In the struggle 
they both fell, Decatur un- 
derneath. He grasped his 
enemy's hand so that he 
could not draw his sword. 
Then he drew his own pistol 
and shot the man in the 
back. 

Shortly after war with 
England was declared, 
Decatur, in command of the 
frigate United States, cap- 
tured the British frigate 
Macedonian. For this cap- 
ture he received a gold medal 

from Congress. A little later in the war he tried to sail 
from New York with a squadron. The port was so 
closely blockaded that in trying to get out his ship 
ran aground. Four ships of the enemy chased him. He 
fought bravely for eight hours and then had to surrender. 
He was released on parole and returned to the United 
States. 




JOHN ROUGERS 



171 



MARYLAND 

Commodore Rodgers had better luck. He began to 
fight even before war was declared. He was lying off 
Annapolis in his flagship the President. Here he heard 
that a seaman had been impressed into an English 
frigate from an American brig off Sandy Hook. He at 
once set sail. When he drew near New York he sighted a 
war vessel and chased her. ^' What is your name?" he 

asked her. The stranger 
made no answer, but 
after a little while asked 
the same question of the 
President. Without 
waiting for an answer 
she fired a shot into the 
President's mainmast. 
Commodore Rodgers 
answered this with his 
cannon, and soon won 
the victory. But he 
could not take the enemy 
prisoner because war had 
not been declared. So 
next morning the two ships sailed away from each other. 
Commodore Rodgers wasted no time when war was 
declared. An hour after he received official notice of it 
he sailed from New York with a squadron of five ships. 
This cruise lasted about seventy days. He captured 
seven British merchant vessels and recaptured one 




COURSE OF COMMODORE RODGERS 
SQUADRON 



172 




LAKE ERIE AND NIAGARA RIVER, SHOWING FORT ERIE, 
BUFFALO, ETC. 



MARYLAND 

American. His squadron sailed almost to the entrance 
of the British Channel. From there he sailed to Madeira, 
to the Azores, the Grand Banks, and home to Boston. 
Commodore Rodgers made other cruises during the war 
and took many prizes. 

Not all of the naval battles of this war took place at sea. 

Many were fought on the 
Great Lakes. And two other 
Marylanders, Nathan Towson 
and Jesse Duncan Elliott, 
took a brave part in one 
of the first of these fights. 
Nathan Towson was a cap- 
tain of artillery, Jesse D. 
Elliott a lieutenant in the 
Navy. They were both de- 
tailed for service on Lake 
Erie. 

Two British armed brigs, 
the Caledonia and the 
Detroit, were anchored near 
Fort Erie. This was on 
the Canadian side of the lake, opposite Buffalo. Lieu- 
tenant Elliott formed a plan to capture the two brigs, 
and Captain Towson, with fifty of his Maryland volunteers 
was sent with him. 

They started out at midnight in two boats. Lieu- 
tenant Elliott was in one. Captain Towson in the other. 




XATHAN TOWSON 

From a painting in the possession of Ihi 
Maryland Historical Society 



174 



SAILOR HEROES OF 1812 



Captain Towson's boat attacked the Caledonia; Lieu- 
tenant Elliott's boat the Detroit. By three o'clock in the 
morning the two brigs were captured. " In less than ten 
minutes I had the prisoners all seized, the topsails sheeted 
home, and the vessels under weigh." So wrote Lieu- 
tenant Elliott. 

That was pretty quick work. But the work was not all 
done yet. They were on 
board the brigs, but the 
question was how to get 
them to the American side 
of the lake. They got the 
two brigs under weigh, 
but both ran aground in 
the Niagara River within 
gun-shot of the Canadian 
shore. The Canadian shore 
was full of the enemy, and 
the enemy began firing on 
them. 

Sailing-master Watts was 
in command of Towson's boat. Early in the morning 
he and the pilot left the boat and took the prisoners with 
them. But Captain Towson did not want to give up his 
prize. So he stayed aboard and got all the brig's cargo 
to a place of safety. 

Then he managed to get the brig afloat again. But 
he was an artilleryman, not a seaman, and did not know 




JESSE DUNCAN ELLIOTT 



175 



MARYLAND 

how to sail a vessel. All but two of his sailors had 
deserted. He ran the brig aground a second time. 

In the meanwhile Lieutenant Elliott had destroyed the 
Detroit. He sent orders to Captain Towson to burn the 
Caledonia, as a large force of the enemy was coming to the 
rescue. But Captain Towson would not destroy the brig. 
He left her in charge of three men, with orders to burn her 
if the enemy came. It turned out to be a false alarm that 
the British were coming, and thus the Caledonia was 
saved. She afterwards made one of Commodore Perry's 
fleet. 

Congress presented Lieutenant Elliott with a sword as 
a reward for his part in the capture of the Detroit and the 
Caledonia, and also presented him with a gold medal for 
his brave conduct later on in the war. 

Captain Towson also served bravely throughout the 
war, and rose to the rank of major-general. Towson, 
the county seat of Baltimore County, where he was born, 
was named in his honor. 




176 



XVI 

THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER 

THIS noble poem was written during the War of 
1812. Most likely it would never have been writ- 
ten if the British had not so hated the city of 
Baltimore. But you will ask, why did England hate 
Baltimore more than the rest of the United States. Let 
us see the reason why. 

In those days there were many vessels called '^ priva- 
teers." They were called so because they were owned, 
not by the government, but by private persons. But 
they were commissioned by the government. This means 
that the government gave them papers saying they might 
carry cannon and other arms, and that they might go out 
to sea to attack and capture an enemy's ships. 

Many of these privateers had sailed from the United 
States during the Revolution. But during the war of 
1812 they just swarmed over all the ocean. And more 
of these vessels sailed from Baltimore than from any other 
city in the United States. The Baltimore privateers 
were especially famous. They were fast sailors, well 
armed, and manned by the bravest and boldest of crews 
and officers. 

One of these brave Maryland officers was named 
Joshua Barney. In one short cruise in his schooner 



MARYLAND 



Rossie he captured ships and cargo to the value of a 
million and a half dollars, and took two hundred and 
seventeen prisoners. The names of some others of these 
famous Baltimore privateers were the Falcon, the Globe, 
the Nonsuch, the Comet and the Pride of Baltimore. 

They swarmed over all the 
ocean, capturing British 
vessels and taking pris- 
oners. 

Most of the vessels cap- 
tured, of course, were mer- 
chantmen. But often the 
little privateer would attack 
a great man-of-war. The 
man-of-war carried many 
more men and guns than 
the privateer. But the lit- 
tle privateer would sail up 
boldly and fight just as if 
the enemy were one of her 
own size. The little vessel 
could move about quicker 
than the big one. And her captain generally knew 
exactly how to manage his ship. 

Remember the value of the ships and cargo that the 
Rossie took in her short cruise. So when you know that 
in four months forty-two of these privateers sailed from 
Maryland you can see how much harm was done to 

178 




JOSHUA BARNEY 

From a print in the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



MARYLAND 

British commerce. And you can see why England 
hated the city of Baltimore. She called Baltimore a 
^'nest of pirates," and made up her mind to destroy the 
nest. 

But Baltimore was a nest of hornets and wasps. And 
the hornets and wasps went on stinging, although Eng- 
land tried to stop them. She tried to blockade Chesa- 
peake Bay, but without success. The privateers slipped 
past the blockading fleets and out to sea. 

Before long, however, England had sent over more 
ships and a land force to the shores of Maryland. A 
small part of this army was defeated by General Philip 
Reed at the battle of Caulk's Field, near Chestertown. 
But the greater part met the American army, under 
General William H. Winder, and defeated him at the 
battle of Bladensburg.* 

Then the enemy made ready to destroy the ^^ doomed 
town" of Baltimore. General Ross, who commanded the 
British army in Maryland, declared that he ^' would make 
his winter quarters in Baltimore even if the heavens 
rained militia." 

As the enemy advanced messengers on horseback 
hurried ahead of them with the news. And beacon fires 
on the hills and headlands along the Bay sent the same 
message. Baltimore was warned and so made ready. 
Everyone, young men, old men and even boys, went to 



*ror an account of the battles of Bladensburg and Caulk's Field, see 
Passano's History of Maryland, pp. 134-136. 

1 80 



THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER 

work with pick and shovel to throw up fortifications, 
or to drill themselves as soldiers. 

Everything was ready, and at length the troops of the 
city, seven thousand of them, marched out to meet the 
enemy. Many of them were young men, hardly more than 
boys. And as they marched along in their new uniforms, 
carrying a sword or a mus- 
ket almost for the first time, 
the whole affair seemed like 
a frolic to them. 

The streets were lined 
with people to cheer them 
on. The windows of the 
houses were filled with 
women and children waving 
their hands and handker- 
chiefs. To the children and 
young women it was like 
watching a parade. But to 
the mothers it meant a son 
going to danger, perhaps to 
death. And to the old men 
who had seen something of the Revolution it meant, not 
only suffering and bloodshed, but also, perhaps, the 
destruction of their dear city. This army was commanded 
by General Samuel Smith. 

On Sunday, September 11, word was brought that 
seventy of the enemy's ships lay at anchor off North 




SAMUEL SMITH 

From n painting in the possession of the 

Maryland Historical Society 



i8i 



MARYLAND 



Point. Early next morning they landed their troops, 
about nine thousand men, under the command of General 
Robert Ross. At the same time a number of small 
vessels, commanded by Admiral Cockburn, formed in 
line ready to bombard the city. 

General John Strieker, with about three thousand men, 

had marched out some 
seven miles along the Phila- 
delphia road. He had not 
expected to fight. But 
when he learned, next 
morning, that the British 
had landed, he sent back 
his baggage and formed his 
troops in line of battle. The 
advance guards of the two 
armies met about two miles 
from General Strieker's 
pickets, and some skirmish- 
ing followed. The Ameri- 
cans then fell back. 

At this time General Ross, 
who had ridden to the front to see what the firing meant, 
was mortally wounded by a musket ball. This was the 
end of his vain boast that he would make his winter 
quarters in Baltimore. 

The command of the English fell to Colonel Brooke. 
As he advanced cautiously he was met by volley after 

182 




JOHN STRICKER 

From a painting in the possession of the 
Maryland Historical Society 




CO 

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I ^ 

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o s 



o 
o 

« 



MARYLAND 

volley of musketry. The British returned the fire hotly, 
and the two armies were soon hid from each other by the 
smoke. 

A part of the American left wing broke and fled. 




BOMBARDMENT OF FORT McHENRY 

From an old print in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

Colonel Brooke advanced rapidly to take advantage of 
the confusion, but was checked by the American artillery. 
Their guns had been loaded with ^' grape and canister, 
shot, old locks and pieces of broken muskets." 

All along the line volleys of muskets and rifles were fired 

184 



THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER 



without ceasing. At length General Strieker ordered a 
retreat, and the Americans withdrew in good order. 
The British did not pursue them. This was the battle of 
North Point, fought on September 12, 1814. The Ameri- 
can troops were raw militia, while the British were regu- 
lars, many of whom had fought in the wars against 
Napoleon. 



On the next day the 
enemy marched on to 
Baltimore. Their plan 
was that the army should 
attack the city by land 
and the fleet bombard it 
from the water. All that 
day and late into the 
night Colonel Brooke 
waited for the sound of 
the ships' guns. But 
nothing was heard until 
midnight. 

About two or three 
o'clock in the morning word was brought him that the 
fleet could not reach the city. The channel of the harbor 
was too shallow for any but the smallest vessels, and, 
besides, had been blocked by sunken ships. 

The American army was in a strong position on a ridge 
of hills without the city. Colonel Brooke was afraid to 
make an attack and so ordered a retreat. The British 




JOHN AJDA.MS WEBSTER 



185 



MARYLAND 



fleet turned back, too, when it found that it could not 
reach the city. But it stopped at a distance of two miles 
from Fort McHenry, and for twenty-four hours threw 
showers of bombs into the fort. The ships were too far 
away for the fort to reply. 

In the rear of 
Fort McHenry 
was a redoubt 
called Fort Cov- 
ington. Between 
it and Fort 
McHenry was a 
battery of six 
guns. Sailing- 
master John 
Adams Webster 
was in command 
of this battery. 
The men had been 
listening to the 
bombardment of Fort McHenry, and were eager for a 
chance to take part in the fight. 

The cannon were all ''double loaded with eighteen- 
pound balls and grape shot." It was late at night and 
raining hard. Sailing-master Webster wrapped himself 
in his blanket and lay down on the breast-work. About 
midnight he heard a splashing in the water. It was the 
enemy coming with muffled oars. 

1 86 




BATTLE MONUMENT, BALTIMORE 



THE STAR SPANGLED BANNER 



There were twelve hundred of them, in a score of 
boats and a large schooner. On the shore were not one 
hundred and fifty men to keep them from landing. The 
enemy had cannon, muskets and scahng ladders, and were 
coming to storm Fort McHenry in the rear. But the 
men at the guns opened fire. For two hours they and 
the men at Fort Covington kept it up steadily, and drove 
the enemy off. 

If the enemy had 
landed they might have 
captured Fort McHenry. 
Then the whole British 
army could have landed 
and marched on to 
Baltimore. The city of 
Baltimore and the State 
each presented John A. 
Webster with a gold 
mounted sword. 

The city, and indeed 
the whole country, 

rejoiced at the news that the British had given up the 
attack on Baltimore. A year later, in Baltimore, Battle 
Monument was built to commemorate the event, and the 
twelfth of September was made a public holiday in the 
city. Year after year, on that day, those who had taken 
part in the defense of Baltimore were publicly honored, 
until the last of the ''old defenders" died in 1898. 




FRANCIS SCOTT KEY 



187 



MARYLAND 

On a ship in the British fleet was a Marylander, 
Francis Scott Key. He had gone there to arrange for 
the exchange of prisoners. He was received kindly, but 
was told that he must remain until the attack on Balti- 
more was over. From the deck of the ship he w^atched 
all night the bombardment of the fort, with no means of 
knowing whether it had surrendered or not. But with 
the first glimpse of dawn he saw that the flag was still 
flying. And it was the sight of this flag which inspired 
Francis Scott Key to write his patriotic song, ' ' The Star 
Spangled Banner." 

He says that he commenced his famous song on the 
deck of the British ship, when he saw the enemy retreating 
and the flag flying over the fort. He wrote some brief 
lines on the back of a letter which he had in his pocket. 
Some of the lines he kept in his memory. He finished the 
song in the boat on his way to the shore, and finally wrote 
it out, as it now stands, at the hotel in Baltimore when he 
arrived there at night. 

So you see how it was that the hatred the British felt 
towards Baltimore, that ''nest of pirates," led to the 
writing of The Star Spangled Banner, the National Song 
of America. 

The Star-Spangled Banner. 

O say, can you see by the dawn's early light, 

What so proudly we hail'd at the twilight's last gleaming; 

Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the perilous fight, 
O'er the ramparts we watch'd were so gallantly streaming; 

i88 



THE STAR-SPANGLED BANNER 

And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 
Gave proof thro' the night that our flag was still there; 
O say does that star-spangled jjanner yet wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? 

From the shore dimly seen thro' the mists of the deep 

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes, 
What is that which the breeze o'er the towering steep, 

As it fitfully blows half conceals half discloses? 
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam. 
In full glory reflected now shines on the stream; 

'Tis the star-spangled banner! O long may it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 

And where is the band that so vauntingly swore 

That the havoc of war and the battle's confusion 
A home and a country should leave us no more? 

Their blood has washed out their foul footstep's pollution. 
No refuge could save the hireling and slave 

From the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave; 

And the star-spangled banner in triumph doth wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 

And thus be it ever when freemen shall stand 

Between their lov'd home and the war's desolation; 
Blest with victory and peace may this Heaven-rescu'd land 

Praise the Power that hath made and preserv'd us a nation; 
Then conquer we must when our cause it is just 

And this be our motto " In God Is Our Trust; " 
And the star-spangled banner, O long may it wave 
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave! 



189 



XVII 

BALTIMORE TOWN. 

ALL of you know of the great fire in Baltimore in the 
year 1904. Many of you saw the fire and tlie ruins 
it left. Many of you have seen, too, how quickly 
the city has grown again, fresh and new, from its ashes. 
But how many of you know how many years it took 
Baltimore to grow into the great city that the fire almost 
destroyed? One hundred and seventy-four years. 

Baltimore was founded in 1730. The planters living 
near the Patapsco River needed a convenient place for 
ships to load and unload their cargoes. So they bought 
sixty acres of land from Charles and Daniel Carroll for 
forty shillings an acre, and the site of Baltimore was 
surveyed. 

The town grew slowly at first. At the end of twenty 
years it had only twenty houses and one hundred inhabi- 
tants. Then it began to grow faster, and before long 
became the largest town in the State. 

Do you remember Mr. Smyth the Tory, and the troubles 
he had in Baltimore? He had made visits to the town 
before, and this is the way he describes it in his book : 

It is " Si large, flourishing and very fine town, lately 
erected, thirty miles farther back in the country than 

190 



BALTIMORE TOWN 

Annapolis; situated upon Patapsco River . . . with 
an excellent harbour and commodious wharfs. This 
town, built on a spot which but thirty-six years ago was 
covered with woods, contains already more houses than 
every other town in the province together, and between 




LAYING OUT OF BALTIMORE TOWN 

twelve and fifteen thousand inhabitants. . . . It is 
built on a declivity ... on the north side of a large 
bason, or rather bay, the water whereof is not deep enough 
for vessels of any considerable burden. The harbour of 
Baltimore is named Fell's Point, about two miles from 



191 



MARYLAND 

the town itself, although the houses are now continued 
almost all the way." 

He even says that Baltimore must soon become the 
capital of the State. But in this he was wrong, as we know. 
Beautiful old Annapolis is still the capital of Maryland. 




BALTIMORE IN 1752 
From a print in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

The patriots who gave Mr. Smyth so much trouble in 
Baltimore had wives and daughters as patriotic as them- 
selves. At the time when the British fleet was burning 
and pillaging in Chesapeake Bay, General Lafayette was 
sent to defend the State. The people of Baltimore, to 
welcome him when he visited their town, gave a ball in 
his honor. But he seemed sad and low spirited. One 

192 



BALTIMORE TOWN 



of the ladies at the ball said to him, " General Lafayette, 
why is it you seem so sad?" 

^'Ah, madam," he replied, ''how can I help being sad 
when my poor soldiers are clothed in rags?" 

" Your men shall have clothes!" cried the lady. 

The next day all the ladies of Baltimore gathered to- 
gether in the same ballroom. There they stitched and cut 
busily — and talked, too, I 
should think — until they had 
a great lot of clothing made 
for General Lafayette's sol- 
diers. 

General Lafayette visited 
Baltimore again w^hen he was 
an old man. This was after 
the colonies had won their 
independence and after he 
himself had passed through 
all the terrors of the French 
Revolution. The people 
welcomed him with wild joy. 
Men, women and little chil- 
dren crowded to see him. Arches of triumph were built 
for him to pass under. He, and his children forever, were 
made citizens of Maryland. Fayette Street and Lafayette 
Square in Baltimore were named in his honor. 

You must not think of the city that Lafayette visited, 
and that the British tried to destroy in the war of 1812, 




LAFAYETTE 



193 



MARYLAND 

as being like the one that you know. There were only 
about fifty thousand people in it. Now there are more 
than ten times as many.* Where the Washington Monu- 
ment now stands was then in the country. And where 
now are stores, and banks, and shops, were then the resi- 
dences where the people lived. 




BALTIMORE IN 1831 
From an old print in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

There was a young man living in Baltimore at about 
this time named John Pendleton Kennedy. He after- 
wards won renown both as a writer and as a statesman. 
He was born, he says, in a house ^'half way between St. 
Paul's Street and Charles, on the north side of Market 
[now Baltimore] Street." 

*See Passano's History of Maryland, p. 302. 

194 



BALTIMORE TOWN 



He describes the city in the days of his boyhood, with 
its ''hipped-roofed wooden houses in disorderly array 
. . . painted, some bhre and white, and some yellow; 
and here and there ... a more magnificent mansion 
of brick, . . . with reverential locust trees, under 
whose shade . . . school boys, ragged little negroes 
and chimney-sweeps 
. . disported them- 
selves at marbles." 

As we stroll down Mar- 
ket Street we meet 
stately old gentlemen 
in long blue coats with 
brass buttons. Their 
coat collars rise high up 
in the back, and in front 
are ruffled shirts or 
stocks showing. They 
wear beaver hats and 
when one of them meets 
a lady, he takes off his 
hat with a great sweep 
and makes her a very low bow. 

Here is a grayhaired old man who still wears the dress 
of Colonial days. He has on "well-worn knee breeches, 
yarn stockings, silver buckles on his shoes and ruffles on 
his shirt bosom and sleeves." He has grown childish in 
his old age. But everyone speaks to him kindly and with 




JOHN PENDLETON KENNEDY 



195 



MARYLAND 

the greatest respect. He is Luther Martin. He used to 
be Attorney-General of Maryland, and was a famous 
lawyer in his day. 

Here is another famous Maryland lawyer coming down 
the street. This is AVilliam Pinkney. He was an ardent 



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OLD CITY HALL, BALTIMORE 
From a painting 



patriot during the Revolution, but his father was a 
Tory. His father's property was confiscated — that is, 
taken by the government — so that he had to start out in 
life as a poor boy. You would not think it to look at him 
now. He is dressed in the very latest style, and is a great 

196 



BALTIMORE TOWN 



''dandy." He has lived much abroad, where he has been 
sent to various countries to represent the United States 
government. 

As he goes smiUng and bowing on his way, let us stop 
to watch these two gentlemen talking. One of them is a 
merchant and has ships sailing over all the seas. There 
is no wireless telegraph 
to tell him his ship is 
coming in when she is 
still hundreds of miles at 
sea. There is no tele- 
graph of any kind. 
When his ship sails it 
may be a year before he 
hears of her again. 

The other man is a 
ship builder. And such 
ships they were. They 
were built of wood not of 
iron, they went by sails 
not by steam, and they 
were as beautiful as a 
bird. They were called 

Baltimore ''clippers," and were the fastest vessels afloat. 
As the saying was, "They start before the wind has 
time to reach their sails, and never allow it to come up 
with them." 

All the shops have swinging signs before them, great 




LUTHER MARTIN 



197 



MARYLAND 



wooden keys, and boots, and bells, and anchors. If we 
walk along a little farther we shall come to the first music 
store in America. It was here as early as 1794, for in that 
year there was the following advertisement in the Mary- 
land Journal: 

" Musical Repository, Market-Street, near 
Gay-Street, Baltimore. J. CARR, Music Im- 
porter, LATELY FROM LoNDON, Respect- 
fully informs the public that he has opened 
a Store entirely in the Musical line, and has 
for SALE, Finger and barrel organs, double 
and single key'd harpsichords, piano forte 
and common guitars." 

The shop-keepers live in the houses over their stores. 

Instead of telegraph poles 
along the streets we see 
trees. There are no elec- 
tric cars with their clang- 
ing bells, not even horse- 
cars. People ride in carri- 
ages or on horse-back, but 
most of them walk. An 
automobile would have 
been to them the eighth 
wonder of the world. But 
we do see gaslights. Balti- 
more was the first city in the 
United States to manufac- 
ture gas for public lighting. 
WILLIAM piNKNEY But thc qulet was soon 

198 




BALTIMORE TOWN 



to be disturbed. On the Fourth of July, 1828, there 
was a vast crowd of people gathered together in Balti- 
more. They had come to take part in a great event. 
This was the laying of the corner-stone of the Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad by Charles Carroll of Carrollton, then 
more than ninety years old. The road ran from Bal- 
timore to Ellicott's Mills. 
The cars were drawn by 
horses at first. Two 
years later a locomotive 
built by Peter Cooper 
ran over the road 
People were astonished 
because it ran so fast, fif- 
teen miles an hour! 

Not many years later 
the first electric telegraph 
line in America was built, 
between Baltimore and 
Washington. This marks 
the end of the old quiet 
and the beginning of the 
modern city. 

But the change did not 
take place all at once. There was still much of the old 
time peacefulness. And the city always proved a 
delight to visitors. Several Englishwomen have written 
about their visits to Baltimore at that time. They say 




JAMES CALHOUN, 

FIRST MAYOR OF BALTIMORE 

From a -painting in the City Hall, Baltimore 



199 



MARYLAND 

the streets were broad and clean. There were many 
fountains. Instead of the brightly painted wooden 
houses, there were now neat red brick houses with 
shining knockers and white marble trimmings. They 




A BALTIMORE CLIPPER 
From a print in the possession of the P. Dougherty Company, Baltimm-e 

speak of the beauty of the Baltimore women, and 
praise the good manners of the children. 

The Baltimore hotels were famous. An Englishman, 
named Alexander Mackay, says that Barnum's Hotel 
was '^ one of the most admirably managed establishments 
of the kind on the continent." He tells us, too, how the 



200 



BALTIMORE TOWN 

hotels tried to get guests. When he got off the train at 
Baltimore there was a crowd of colored men waiting. 
Each was shouting the name of the hotel to which he be- 
longed, and trying to get the travelers to go along with him. 




MARKET STREET 
From an old print in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

^'Barnum's, gen'lemen — Barnum's — now for Barnum's 
— only house in town — rest all sham — skin but no 'possum 
— yhaw, yhaw — Barnum's, Barnum's!" 

'^ 'Cause Eagle eaten all de 'possum up, and left nuffin 
but de skin — de Eagle's de house, gen'lemen — hurra for 
de Eagle!" 

201 



MARYLAND 

Baltimore is called the Monumental City, and is honored 
by having the first monument erected to AVashington by 
any State. The corner stone was laid in the year 1815. 
Colonel John Eager Howard gave the ground on which 
the monument is built. His children presented to the 




WASHINGTON MONUMENT IN 1835 
From a steel engraving in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society 

city the surrounding squares of Mount Vernon and 
AVashington Places. 

When Charles Carroll laid the corner stone of the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad he said it was one of the most 
important acts of his life. But about a year later an 
event, even more important, took place in Baltimore. 

202 



BALTIMORE TOWN 



This was the opening of the first public school in the city. 
It was in the basement of a church on Eutaw Street 
between Saratoga and Mulberry. The school was in 
charge of William H. Coffin, who was the first public 
school teacher in Balti- 
more. 

It is well to make 
our cities beautiful and 
it is well to honor great 
men. But a nation 
can progress without 
monuments. The build- 
ing of a railroad is a 
great achievement. And 
the building of the first 
railroad in our State 
is something to be proud 
of. But a nation may 
be great without rail- 
roads. 

But no nation can be 




TANEY STATUE 
MOUNT VERNON PLACE, BALTIMORE 



great, no nation can 
advance without knowl- 
edge. So it is that the opening of the first public school 
in Baltimore is a great event. It meant that knowl- 
edge was to be within the reach of all the people 
of our city. 



203 



XVIII 

NORTH AND SOUTH 

IN story XIV we learned how the thirteen colonies 
united to form our nation. We have now come to a 
time when that nation came near being broken up. 
Indeed it was divided for a few years. Eleven States 
in the south separated from the Union and formed the 
Confederate States of America. Then war began between 
the Union and the Confederacy, between the North and 
the South. 

This long and bloody war was fought to settle two 
questions. First, could the States secede? That is, 
could they separate themselves from the Union if they 
wished to do so? And secondly should there be negro 
slaves in the United States? The South said the answer 
to these questions was '' yes." The North said '' no." 

On which side was Maryland? She was on the border 
between North and South. Our State was a slave State 
but did not secede. Some of her people thought that 
slavery was wrong. Many of them thought it was not 
wrong. Some of them wished to join the Confederacy. 
But most of them thought the State should remain in the 
Union. The result was that her sons joined, some the 
Southern and some the Northern armies, and fought 
against each other. 

204 



NORTH AND SOUTH 

When the war began the First Maryland Regiment 
left Baltimore to join the Federal Army in Virginia. It 
was commanded by Colonel John R. Kenly. In the 
meanwhile Captain Bradley T. Johnson of Frederick had 
raised a company of volunteers for the Confederate army, 
and had marched with them into Virginia. Others soon 
joined them, and before long they were organized into the 
First Maryland Regiment of the Confederate army. 
Bradley T. Johnson soon became its colonel. 

This Confederate First Maryland Regiment was with- 
out arms, clothing, or supplies. They could not ask for 
arms from their own State to fight against the Union to 
which she belonged, and Virginia could hardly supply her 
own regiments. A woman came to their rescue. Mrs. 
Bradley T. Johnson journeyed all the way to her native 
State of North Carolina to ask for help. She returned 
to her husband's camp with enough rifles, cartridges, 
blankets, kettles and other camp furniture to fit out the 
regiment. 

Both of these First Maryland regiments soon distin- 
guished themselves, and, oddly enough, in fighting against 
each other. General Banks of the Union army was at 
Strasburg, Virginia, and '' Stonewall" Jackson formed a 
plan to capture his force. He wanted to get to the rear 
of General Bank's and take him by surprise. 

But at Front Royal Colonel Kenly and his regiment 
were in the way. So Jackson sent Colonel Johnson to 
drive them out. 

205 



MARYLAND 



When the attack began Colonel Kenly lost no time. 
He at once sent off a messenger to General Banks to warn 
him of his danger. Then for two hours he kept the Con- 
federates in check. But then they attacked him on the 
flank. He tried to cross the Shenandoah River and burn 
the bridge behind him. At the first movement he made 

the Confederates charged 
and drove him over the 
bridge. But Colonel Kenly 
fought every step of the 
way until darkness came. 
Then he had to surrender. 
But Jackson's force had 
been held in check so long 
that Banks was in safety. 

In the whole of this 
campaign of Jackson's, 
Colonel Johnson's regiment 
served with great bravery. 
In a battle near Harrison- 
burg, a Virginia regiment 
was engaged with the Penn- 
sylvania '^Bucktails." The 
fight was close and bloody. Colonel Johnson came up with 
his regiment in the hottest part of the fight. By a dash- 
ing charge he drove the enemy off and killed a great many 
of them. ^'In commemoration of this gallant conduct 
I ordered one of the captured 'Bucktails' to be appended 

206 




JOHN R. KENLY 



NORTH AND SOUTH 



as a trophy to their flag. . . . Four color-bearers 
were shot down in succession, but each time the colors 
were caught before reaching the ground, and were 
finally borne by Corporal Daniel Shanks to the close of 
the action." 

This is what General Ewell said in his report of the 
battle. 

The war had gone on 
for about a year and a 
half when General Robert 
E. Lee crossed the Poto- 
mac to ^'deliver Maryland 
and invade Pennsyl- 
vania." Many fierce and 
bloody battles had been 
fought in Virginia. That 
State was so laid waste 
that General Lee could 
not get food for his men 
nor forage for his horses. 
The crops had been burnt 
or trampled into the 
earth by the feet of horses 

and men. The wheels of wagons and cannon had rolled 
over the fields. Houses and barns were burned to the 
ground. 

General Lee hoped to get in Maryland all the supplies 
he needed. Besides, many persons declared that Mary- 




BRADLEY T. JOHNSON 



207 



MARYLAND 

land wanted to join the Confederacy. If she really 
wished to do so General Lee wanted to give her the chance. 
So he marched his army into Maryland. 

His wagons had no food in them. His soldiers were 
clothed in rags. Thousands of them had no shoes. But 
the Maryland men in his army forgot all their troubles 
when they once more entered their beloved State. Tears 
came into their eyes. They tossed up their hats. They 




A PIECE OF CONFEDERATE PAPER MONEY 



kissed the ground. Then all at once the bands began to 
play '' Maryland; My Maryland." The soldiers sang until 
the air rang with it. 

The army marched on to Frederick. Everyone was 
excited. The soldiers were orderly and well behaved. 
All the food and clothing and supplies that he took Gen- 
eral Lee paid for — in Confederate paper money. Of 

208 



NORTH AND SOUTH 

course, after the war this money was worthless. But the 
people in Western Maryland were, for the most part, for 
the Union and against slavery. So General Lee did not 
succeed in getting many supplies. 

In the meantime the Union army was marching to 
meet the Confederates. They met and fought at South 
Mountain and at 




Antietam. The 
C onf e derate 
army was de- 
feated and the 
first invasion of 
Maryland ended 
with Lee's re- 
treat into Vir- 
ginia. 

The battle of 
Antietam (Sep- 
tember 17,1862,) 
was one of the 
severest of the 
war. One hun- 
dred and fifty thousand men were engaged in it on both 
sides, and the loss was more than twenty-five thousand. 
A visitor to the field soon after the battle says, ''We 
reached a wood, every tree pierced with shot or cut with 
bullets, and came to the little brick Bunker church on the 
turnpike. ... A hundred round shot have pierced its 





DUNKER CHURCH NEAR ANTIETAM 



209 



MARYLAND 

walls, while bullets by thousands have scarred and bat- 
tered it." And a little beyond, in ''a narrow country 
lane ... in the length of five hundred feet, I counted 
more than two hundred of their [Confederate] dead." 

A number of Maryland regiments were engaged in this 
battle. In one regiment of the Union army there had 
been seven hundred and seventy-nine men. But after 
the Maryland campaign only two hundred and fifty of 
them were left. 

Twice again was Maryland invaded by the Confeder- 
ates, once, under General Lee, in 1863, in the campaign 
which ended with the battle of Gettysburg, and again by 
General Early in 1864. General Early's cavalry took 
possession of Hagerstown. 

Their commander. General John McCausland, said to 
the people of the town, ^'I will give you three hours 
within which to pay me twenty thousand dollars. Be- 
sides, you must send me ^1500 suits of clothes, 1500 hats, 
1500 pairs of shoes, 1500 shirts, 1900 pairs of drawers, and 
1500 pairs of socks. If you do not send me these things 
within four hours I will burn your town." 

The people of Hagerstown did their best to collect the 
clothing. But they could get only a few hundred of each 
article although General McCausland gave them two 
hours extra time. But they paid the twenty thousand 
dollars, and so General McCausland did not burn their 
homes. He made Frederick also pay a ransom of two 
hundred thousand dollars. 

210 



NORTH AND SOUTH 

Bodies of Confederate cavalry rode in every direction. 
They burned bridges, cut telegraph wires, captured rail- 
road trains, and carried off horses. One small party, under 
Colonel Harry Gilmor of Baltimore, came within five 
miles of that city, and burned the country house of Gov- 
ernor Bradford. This com- 
pany visited also Towson, 
Reisterstown, Mount Wash- 
ington and other places, but 
did little damage. 

Colonel Gilmor served 
with distinction throughout 
the war, and saw much 
service as a scout. Here 
is one of his adventures as 
he tells the story himself. 
Colonel Gilmor with Lieu- 
tenants Swindler, McAleese, 
Hurst and Marshall, took 
out a small squad ^'to look 
up the enemy." He soon 
discovered so large a body 
of their cavalry that he 
sent his squad back, in 

command of Lieutenant Hurst. Colonel Gilmor, with 
his three other lieutenants and a '' young man named 
Mountjoy Cloud, who acted as orderly, proceeded to 
worry the [enemy's] pickets, . . . relying on the 



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kh 



HARRY GILMOR 



211 



MARYLAND 

fleetness of our horses to get us out of the way, if 
necessary. 

" McAleese and Swindler crept upon the pickets on the 
left, and Swindler killed one of them. This roused the 
enemy, and they made a dash, cutting off Swindler and 
McAleese from joining us. Swindler jumped a fence and 
escaped into the mountains. McAleese was following 
him, when his horse was killed, but he too escaped into 
the woods, and reached camp next day. In the me n- 
time, we were galloping along ahead of their squadron, 
stopping occasionally to get a shot as they 
would charge us around a turn in the road or over the 
crest of a hill. 

'^ And now for our escape, owing to the cool, deliberate 
courage of Cloud. He was dressed in dark clothes and 
wore [a hat with] a black feather in it, with the initials of 
the Sixth Ohio Cavalry and crossed sabres on the front, 
making Cloud look, at a short distance, not unlike a 
Federal. I had sent him with a message to Lieutenant 
Hurst to station his men at the ford. 

" Between us and the ford were heavy woods, and when 
Cloud rode into them he saw a sentinel, with drawn sabre, 
sitting quietly on his horse. Cloud merely nodded to 
him as he rode by, the other returning his salute. Riding 
on a little farther, he came upon a whole company drawn 
up in single rank, with carbines resting on their hips, 
ready to fire on anything coming along the road. Cloud 
still rode on, coolly looking on them. 

212 



NORTH AND SOUTH 

'^ He had scarcely passed them in safety before he dis- 
covered another company, drawn up as if ready for a 
start. These also he passed in the same cool, deliberate 
manner . . . and could now have safely run for the 
ford. But, instead of saving himself and leaving us to be 
taken prisoners, he leisurely turned about and rode by 
them again, making dumb signs, as much as to say, 
'All right, boys; we'll have these Rebels yet.' 

/'As soon as he got clear of them he lost no time in 
gidng us warning. There we stood in the road, with a 
force on each side of us, almost within rifle shot. Nothing 
w^as left then but to take the river which we reached by 
going across the fields; nor did we look for a ford, but 
plunged in, and all got safely over, with no other incon- 
venience than a good ducking." 

In reading of war we are too apt to think only of the 
glory of its victories and of its romantic adventures. But 
we should remember that war is the killing of men. In 
the battle of Antietam, as we have seen, one-sixth of the 
soldiers engaged were slain. The soldiers are not to 
blame, they are sent to the war to fight. 

But if people thought more of the horrors of war, of 
its bloodshed and cruelty, they would realize that the 
great nation is not the one which has a large army and 
a large navy and which is always eager for war. The 
truly great nations are those which by peaceful industry, 
by the quiet achievements of the arts and sciences, do 
most to elevate mankind, to make mankind nobler, 
better and happier, and less like the brute beasts. 

213 



XIX 

POE AND BOOTH 

IN our stories we have read about some of Maryland's 
famous statesmen, judges and lawyers. We have 
learned about the merchants who made her rich and 
prosperous. And we have read about some of the 
soldiers and sailors who did honor to their State. We 
shall now hear about two men whose life work was 
altogether different. 

The most famous of American actors and one of the 
greatest of American poets were Marylanders. Their 
lives teach us different lessons. Both were men of genius 
and, therefore, to be admired. But Edwin Booth can 
also be loved for the charity and unselfishness of his 
nature. He should be esteemed for his fortitude in suffer- 
ing, and for his steadfastness to a noble ideal. 

Edgar Poe is most to be pitied. He was proud and 
sensitive, a bitter critic of the writings of others, but 
quickly angered at criticism of his own. He was envious, 
cynical and morbid. His most redeeming characteristic 
was his great love for his wife and his reverence for all 
women. Edwin Booth, the man, will be held in loving 
remembrance long after the actor is forgotten. Edgar 
Poe, the man, will be forgiven and forgotten in the 
remembrance of " the singular and exquisite genius." 

214 



POE AND BOOTH 



Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston on January 19, 
1809; but he belonged to a Maryland family, honorable, 
and of long standing. The poet's grandfather, General 
David Poe, served with distinction in the Revolution and 
was a friend of Lafayette. His eldest son, also named 
David, was Edgar Allan 
Poe's father. 

The poet's mother was 
Elizabeth Arnold, an 
English actress. David 
Poe gave up the study 
of law and went on the 
stage with his wife. It 
was during one of their 
theatrical tours that Ed- 
gar Allan Poe was born. 
He had a brother and a 
sister, children of the 
same mother, a mother 
whose memory Edgar 
loved passionately. She 
did not live long enough 
for her children to learn to love herself. She died at 
Richmond, Virginia, when Edgar was about three years 
old. The poet's father had died not long before at 
Norfolk. They were in great distress at the time. It is 
said, they were without money, food, fuel and clothing. 
The two little children, Edgar and Rose, were almost 




ELIZABETH ARNOLD 

From a miniature in the possession of 

J. H. Ingram 



215 



MARYLAND 

starved. The eldest child, William Henry Leonard, was 
with his grandfather in Baltimore. 

The beautiful httle boy Edgar was adopted by John 
Allan, a merchant of Richmond, and in that city he pass- 
ed his childhood. His life was comfortable but simple. 
Mr. Allan was not a wealthy man until Poe reached the 
age of sixteen. Edgar was taken to England by Mr. 
Allan, and lived there for about five years near London. 
He went to school and learned English, Latin, French 
and Mathematics. The boy was 'Wery beautiful, yet 
brave and manly, . . . [and] a leader among his 
playmates." But he was spoiled and wayward, and 
retiring in disposition. 

At the age of seventeen, Poe entered the Universit}^ of 
Virginia. Even then he wrote strange, wild stories which 
he would read aloud to a few friends gathered together in 
his room. He was regular in his attendance and a suc- 
cessful student, but, like many others of the students, he 
gambled. The result was that he wasted his money and 
made debts amounting to thousands of dollars. He left 
the University after about ten months. 

It is believed that after this Poe returned to Richmond 
and entered the counting house of Mr. Allan. But he had 
a bitter quarrel with Mr. Allan on account of his gaming 
debts at the University. He left Mr. Allan's house and 
for some years we know nothing of his life. But we 
do know that in 1827 there was published at Boston a 
little volume called ^'Tamerlane and other Poems. By 

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MARYLAND 

a Bostonian/' which was the work of Poe. Only forty of 
these volumes were printed, and a copy has since been 
sold for twenty-five hundred dollars. The poems in the 
volume, Poe said in the preface, were written when he was 
only about fourteen years of age. 

In this same year Poe enlisted in the United States 
Army under the name of ''Edgar A. Perry." His record 
was good but after about two years' service he was honor- 
ably discharged. He went to Baltimore and brought 
out under his own name, a volume of poems* called 
'' Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems." 

In the next year Poe was appointed to a cadetship in 
the MiUtary Academy at West Point. He stood high in 
his studies, but neglected his military duties. He was 
wild and disorderly and was often punished. His con- 
duct was so bad that he was court-martialed and 
dismissed from the Academy in about six months. 

There is much uncertainty as to how and where Poe 
spent the next two and a half years. He may have gone 
to Europe, he may have lived with an aunt, Mrs. Clemm, 
in Baltimore. But in 1833 he reappears, made famous by 
the winning of a prize of one hundred dollars offered by a 
weekly paper, called the Baltimore Visiter. The story 
which won the prize was his ''MS. Found in a Bottle." 
The committee which awarded the prize was composed of 
three well known Baltimoreans, John P. Kennedy, J. H. 
B. Latrobe and James H. Miller. 



*A copy of this volume can be seen in the Peabody Library, Baltimore. 

2l8 



POE AND BOOTH 



A day or two after the story was published Poe called 
on Mr. Latrobe, a stranger to him, to thank him. Mr. 
Latrobe says, ''He was . . . below the middle size. 
. . . His figure was remarkably good, and he carried 
himself erect and well. . . . He was dressed in 
black, and his frock coat was buttoned to the throat. 
. . . Coat, hat, boots. 



and gloves had very evi- 
dently seen their best 
days, but so far as mend- 
ing and brushing go, 
everything had been done 
to make them 
presentable. . . . His 
manner was easy and 
quiet. . . . The ex- 
pression of his face was 
grave, almost sad, except 
when he was engaged in 
conversation, when it 
became animated a n d 
changeable." 

Poe lived with Mrs. 
Clemm at the time and was earning a little by his writing, 
but he was wre^ "hedly poor. He seems to have expected 
that his adopted lather, Mr. Allan, would leave him some- 
thing, if but little, on his death. But when this took 
place, in 1834, Poe's name was not even mentioned in the 




EDGAR ALLAN POE 



219 



MARYLAND 

will. He had offended Mr. Allan seriously, and has been 
accused of leading an evil and dissolute life. It is even 
said that he forged Mr. Allan's name. But these evil 
reports of his life were spread by his enemies. 

At about this time Poe married his cousin, Virginia 




poe's cottage at fordham 

From an Old Engraving 

Clemm, a beautiful girl about thirteen years younger than 
himself. They removed to Richmond, where Poe 
became the literary editor of the Southern Literary 
Messenger. His affairs improved and he published 
many stories, essays and reviews. But he became des- 

220 



POE AND BOOTH 

pondent, and complained of ill health. In fact, the habit 
of drinking began to grow on him, as well as the evil 
habit of borrowing money. He was befriended at this 
time in many ways by John P. Kennedy, whose recom- 
mendation had gotten him the position in Richmond. 

After twelve months 
Poe left Richmond and 
lived in New York and 
Philadelphia with his wife 
and her mother. Their 
home life was charming, 
and broken only by his 
occasional fits of intoxi- 
cation. Poe laved his 
wife dearly, and no mat- 
ter what his condition 
might be she received 
from him only loving 
treatment. 

Poe met with success in 
literary and social life. 
But the number of his 
enemies increased and he 

did much to add to the number. He lived for some time 
at Fordham, a suburb of New York, in a cottage ''half 
buried in fruit trees," in the midst of birds and flowers, 
but still in deep poverty. 

His wife had been an invalid for years, and here at 




THE POE MONUMENT 
BALTIMORE 



221 



MARYLAND 

Fordham she died. It was in midwinter^ but they were 
so poor that Poe could not even get bed clothes to cover 
his dying wife. She lay in her bed holding a large pet cat 
in her bosom to keep warm. But some friends came to 
them and relieved their wants. 

Shortly after his wife's death Poe met Mrs. Sarah 
Helen AVhitman, to whom he became betrothed. But 
on the eve of marriage her friends broke off the engage- 
ment. Poe had lost all control of himself. He seemed 
almost mad. He says: ^'I am full of dark forebodings. 
. . . My life seems wasted." But he grew better and 
went to Richmond where he renewed old acquaintances 
pleasantly for a time. He then started on his return to 
New York on business. He reached Baltimore, and there 
the end came. He was found, drunk or deranged, lying 
in the streets. He was taken to the hospital, where he 
died of brain fever on October 7, 1849. 

Edwin Thomas Booth was born near Bel Air in Harford 
County, on November 13, 1833. His father, Junius 
Brutus Booth was an actor of great genius. He is com- 
monly known as ^Hhe elder Booth." He was born in 
London, but emigrated to America and bought the farm 
in Harford County where Edwin was born. 

The boy Edwin received but little education. And 
his education was often interrupted, because he used to 
be his father's companion on his acting tours. But his 
father had a small library of good books and these books 
the boy read. 

222 



POE AND BOOTH 

His father wished Edwin to be a cabinet maker and 
seklom spoke to him of the theatre. He was not even 
allowed to see any plays. But while waiting in his father's 
dressing room he used to hear the actors speaking their 
lines. In this way, he says, ''at an early age my memory 
became stored with the words of all the parts of every 
play in which my father performed." 



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EDWIN booth's birthplace AS IT NOW STANDS, 
NEAR CHURCHVILLE, HARFORD COUNTY 

Edwin Booth's first appearance on the stage was in 1849 
at the Boston Museum, in the character of Tressel in 
Shakespeare's play of Richard III. His taking any part 
was accidental, and done to relieve an overworked mem- 
ber of the company. Before the time came for his entry 

223 



MARYLAND 

he was called to the dressing room of his father, already 
dressed for the part of Richard III. His father said to 
him, 

^'Who wasTressel?" 

'^A messenger from the field of Tewkesbury." 

"What was his mission?" 

''To bear the news of the defeat of the king's party." 

''How did he make the journey?" 

"On horseback." 

"Where are your spurs?" 

Edwin glanced quickly down and said he had not 
thought of them. 

At his father's bidding he took off his father's spurs, 
fastened them to his own boots and went on for his part. 

Booth's second appearance was in the court house at 
Bel Air, during the following summer. He and J. S. 
Clarke gave selections from several of Shakespeare's plays 
and even sang a number of negro melodies to the accom- 
paniment of banjo and bones! It was in 1851, however, 
at the National Theatre in New York, that he won his 
first great success. 

Edwin Booth gives the following account of the incident: 
'^One evening, just as he [the elder Booth] should have 
started for the theatre to prepare for his preformance of 
Richard III., he feigned illness; nor would he leave the bed 
where he had been napping, .... but told me 
to go and act Richard for him. This amazed me, 
.... but he could not be coaxed to waver from his 

224 



POE AND BOOTH 

determination not to act that night, and as it was time 
for the manager to be notified, there was no course to 
pursue but to go to the theatre to announce the fact." 
When he arrived at the theatre the manager said, '' We 



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BOSTON MUSEUM WHERE BOOTH MADE HIS FIRST APPEARANCE 
ON THE STAGE 



must close the house — unless you will act the part." 
Edwin Booth did act the part and was greeted with 
applause, being at first mistaken for his father. But the 
applause came to his own acting as the play went on. 

225 



MARYLAND 



From this time on he worked his own way upward on the 
stage without help or advice from his father. He acted 
in Cahfornia and other parts of the new West, and made a 
trip to Austraha. Four years later he returned and acted in 
Baltimore and other southern cities. From there he went 
to Boston and New York, winning success as he went. 

At about this time he mar- 
ried Mary Devlin, whom he 
dearly loved, but in a little 
over two years she died, and 
Booth never ceased to mourn 
for her. Pie was steadfast in 
his love and in his friendship. 
Clara Morris sa3'^s of him, '^ My 
gods were few, . . . . 
and on the highest, whitest 
pedestal of all, grave and 
gentle, stood . . . Edwin 
Booth. . . . He had a 
wonderful power to win love 

from other men 

It was not mere good-fellowship or even affection, but 
there was something so fine and true, so strong and 
sweet in his nature, that it won the love of those who 
knew him best." 

A dreadful blow fell upon him when his brother, John 
Wilkes Booth, assassinated Lincoln. He left the stage and 
thought he should never act again. But he did return 

226 




EDWIN BOOTH 



POE AND BOOTH 

and was welcomed back with loving enthusiasm. In 
1867 he was presented with a gold medal in honor of one 
hundred consecutive performances of Hamlet by him in 
New York, and also 
in recognition of ''his 
life-long efforts to 
raise the standard of 
the drama." 

Booth acted in 
America, in England, 
and in Germany. Of 
his triumphal recep- 
tion in Germany he 
wrote, " The audience 
. . . . formed a 
passage from the 
lobby to my carriage 
till I was in and off; 
yet I was nearly an 
hour in the theatre 
after the play." 

In 1889 Edwin 
Booth had a stroke 
of paralysis, but he 
continued to act after 

his recovery until 1891. Then he quietly retired from the 
stage. He settled himself in his rooms at the Players' 
Club in New York. His health suffered from the exces- 




BOOTH AS HAMLET 



227 



MARYLAND 

sive use of tobacco, not from drink as is sometimes said. 
But to the end he was cheerful and took pleasure in his 
friends and his family. He died at the Players' Club 
on June 7, 1893, and was buried at Mount Auburn 
cemetery, near Boston, by the side of his first wife. 

We have come to the end of our stories. We have read 
about the lives of some great and noble men. We have 
heard about the brave deeds of others. If we cannot be 
as brave as these let us, at least, be as willing in our service. 
If we cannot be as great as the others let us, at least, be as 
earnest in our efforts. One thing we can all do. We can 
promise to take up the work where our fathers leave it off 
and do all that in us lies for the honor and welfare of 
Maryland. i 




FIRST LOCOMOTIVE, BALTIMORE & 
OHIO RAILROAD 



228 



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